The Kite Runner Directed by Marc Forster - 819 Words

1. â€Å"The Kite Runner†, directed by Marc Forster, is a film that contains many elements; power, childhood, loyalty and bravery. These elements are highlighted in many ways through the use of camera angles, emotional audio, and both verbal and non-verbal communication. 2. Here, Hassan and Amir are discussing kite running, a sport which is very popular among the children in Kabul. It involves two people, one holding the kite spool, and the other controlling the movement of the kite. The idea of the sport is to take down the opponents kites, by cutting or slicing through the kite string. The strings are usually made of razor wire, to allow this. This scene shows Hassan’s absolute loyalty to Amir, and his complete faith in his ability,†¦show more content†¦This could be taken as a self-deprecating remark, or an accusatory jab at Amir and Baba, criticizing them for not providing him with something that could have increased his standing in the world. The medium close shot of Amir’s face as he reads this part shows his guilt about this, as well as his regret about not helping Hassan when he could and should have. His expression also demonstrates sadness over not only the loos of his childhood friend, but also the loss of the opport unity to appease his guilt. Amir’s clothes are symbolic in this scene because they show how he is used to living in America, and how he doesn’t belong in his home country anymore. The repetition of the colours blue and white return our thoughts to the themes of childhood and innocence, Amir wearing white symbolises his innocence and inexperience about what has been occurring in the country since heShow MoreRelatedTurning Point In The Kite Runner1568 Words   |  7 PagesMarc Forster’s The Kite Runner is a 2007 American drama film based on the novel of the same name by Khalid Hosseini. Marc Forster is Film Director, screenwriter and producer. Of the several films directed by Forster, his breakthrough film; Monsters Ball (2001), received several oscar nominations including Best Picture. The Kite Runner beautifully depicts the friendship between Amir and Hassan, and portrays the raw turning point in their friendship which will forever change the both of them. TheRead MoreThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption2381 Words   |  10 PagesThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner is an award-winning novel and considered one of today’s most popular, contemporary classics. The story is one of familiar themes such as loyalty, forgiveness, betrayal, love, and redemption. It follows the tale of Amir and how he must atone for his sins and find a way to â€Å"be good again† (Hosseini 2). The quintessential message of this book relies on the idea of second chances. Themes of redemption

Drugs, Crime And Violence - 915 Words

Studies have shown that the United States of America has high levels of drug use (Abadinsky, 2014). Drugs, crime and violence are related in a number of ways. The most obvious reason is that certain drugs are deemed illegal in the United States; therefore, making it a crime to use, possess, distribute, or manufacture these substances (Abadinsky, 2014). These drugs can influence the user’s behavior and can lead to violent acts or other criminal activity being committed. This essay will examine the connection between drugs, crime and violence and discuss whether or not the current approach to drug use and abuse has reduced crime and violence in the last thirty or forty years. Paul Goldstein proposed the tripartite model to explain how drugs and crimes are related through three different links: psychopharmacological, economic-compulsive, and lifestyle or systemic (Abadinsky, 2014). The psychopharmacological link is when drug use has an influence on crime due to the intoxicating effects of the drugs on the mind and body (McBride, VanderWaal, Terry-McElrath, 2013). The economic-compulsive is when a criminal act is motivated by the need to buy drugs or crime is committed as a means to pay for drugs (McBride et al., 2013). The lifestyle or systemic is when the criminal conduct or actions become a pattern of doing business related to drugs such as: distributing drugs, controlling the drug markets and the operation used to obtain the drugs (McBride et al., 2013). AnyShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Violence, Crime And Drugs On Poverty978 Words   |  4 PagesTHE IMPACT OF VIOLENCE, CRIME AND DRUGS ON POVERTY IN KINGSTON JAMAICA I. Introduction A. Background Poverty serves as a motivation to commit crimes and crime has been a substantial contributing factor to poverty in Jamaica. †¢ In Kingston, Jamaica the violence that takes place is directed at the citizens of the island. According to the Jamaica Crime and Safety Report in 2014, almost 1200 murders took place in 2013. †¢ Jamaican on Jamaican violence is a very common type of violence in Kingston, althoughRead MoreDrug Trafficking During The United States Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pages Drug trafficking has been an ongoing epidemic in the United States, as well us other countries for an unimaginable amount of time. Illegal drugs varying from heroin and cocaine are primarily the main drugs that get smuggled in the United States from South America. Even marijuana and methamphetamine have been popular in the drug smuggling â€Å"industry†. These gangs go to a variety of different extents to get the job done. Drug trafficking increases the violence levels These drugs have been smuggledRead MoreLegalizing Drugs And The United States Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing drugs in the United States would lead to great trouble for the country affecting all citizens. 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In this assignment I will try to compile an overall theory as to why individuals commit crimes. While doing my research I came across 10 reasons/factors that can possibly explain why individuals commit crimes. These reasons include: The Prison System, drugs, depression and other social and mentalRead MoreReasons Behind The War On Drugs1365 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper aims to elaborate the significant reasons behind the war on drugs between the Mexican government and the drug cartels in Mexico and examine the impact of this conflict on Mexico and on US National Security. Drug Trafficking or any other illegal activity related to drug Cartels and gangs pose an imminent threat to the Mexican governance because of the corruption and the violence they generate. Illegal drugs affect not only Mexico but also the U.S in terms of trafficking and consumption

Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’ Free Essays

Examine Pushkin’s use of the supernatural in ‘Pikovaia dama’ (‘The Queen of Spades’). To what extent could this text be described as a ‘ghost story’? The first setting is a card party hosted by Narumov of the Horse Guards. Hermann the young engineer was always watching the others play until the early hours of the morning but had never actually partaken in the card game himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tomsky starts to talk about his grandmother, Countess Anna Fedotovna. All the others listen eagerly while he tells a story about his grandmother’s gambling sixty years ago in Paris. She had lost a large sum playing the card game Faro.When her husband refused to pay off her debts, which she could not do so herself she has to look elsewhere for the money. Tomsky goes on to tell of his grandmother’s acquaintance with a man named Count de Saint-Germain, â€Å"the subject of so many weird and wonderful tales†. One of those tales mentioned in the novella is that he was the inventor of the elixir of life. A potion which could be used to bring eternal life to whoever drank it. This is the first sign of the supernatural in the story. Pushkin by no means shows any feeling of the tales of Count de Saint-Germain to be true. It is actually quite the contrary as Tomsky starts off by saying â€Å"You know he passed himself off as the†¦ † indicating that he was trying to convince people he was but in actual fact very few believed him. Also the use of â€Å"and so forth† indicates he is getting bored of listing these ‘wonderful’ tales about the Count. He then goes on to say that people used to ridicule him. For all the Count’s mysteriousness he was though a very wealthy man. The Countess requested to meet with him in the hope that he would pay off her debts out of the kindness of his heart.After all, that kind of money would not even make a small dent in the Count’s wallet. After pondering her proposal he said â€Å"I can accommodate you as far as the sum of money goes, but I know you would be at ease until you had repaid me, and I would not wish to encumber you with fresh worries†. Instead he wanted to give her a secret which would allow her to win all her money back. By now all the guests at the card party were listening intently. The countess turned up at a card game the same evening the Count had given her the secret.Playing Faro, the same game they themselves were playing at the part, the Countess selected three cards. All three cards won, coming up one after another and she had recouped all of her losses. There was a very sceptical reaction to the story. One said â€Å"Pure luck! † and Hermann remarked â€Å"A tall story†. Tomsky also tell of his grandmother passing down the secret once to a young man she took pity on. He also won with all three cards. Without calculating the odds it is fair to say that Pushkin is not expecting us to believe that these sequences have occurred twice out of pure luck.Therefore it is up to the reader to decide in this situation if the tale of the magical secret should be believed. It is not being told from the narrator’s point of view but instead from Tomsky’s. It could be perceived as being no more than a drunken story made up in a bar to impress a few friends and acquaintances. The next time Pushkin presents with something of the supernatural is much later on in the story in chapter five. Since the time that Tomsky had told the story of his ageing grandmother’s secret, the young engineer, Hermann, had become obsessed with the notion.In trying to obtain the secret from the Countess he had accidentally killed her. Three days after that night he had decided to attend the funeral at a local monastery. After the oration at a full church the relatives were first to go up and take leave of the body. Then it was the turn of all other guests wanting to pay their respects. After many had gone it came to the turn of Hermann who was feeling no real remorse for killing the old lady. â€Å"He bowed to the ground and lay for several moments on the cold floor, strewn with fir-twigs.At length he rose, pale as the corpse itself, ascended the steps of the catafalque and bent down. †¦ At that moment it seemed to him that the deceased gave him a mocking glance and winked an eye. Hermann in hastily recoiling missed his footing and crashed faced upwards to the ground. He was helped to his feet†. The way Pushkin says in this paragraph â€Å"it seemed to him† almost implies that it did not actually happen at all and that it was only in Hermann’s imagination. This could be a as a result of guilt Hermann may feel for killing the old lady or could even be a sign that Hermann is going mad.Later that evening Hermann went to an inn and drank a fair amount of wine, which was very uncharacteristic for him. On arriving home he jumped straight into bed fully clothed and fell sound asleep. In the middle of the night he woke up because of the moonlight flooding his room. â€Å"At that moment someone peeped in at his window from the Street and immediately walked away. Hermann did not pay the slightest attention to this. A minute later he heard the door of the next room being opened. Hermann thought that it was his orderly, drunk as usual, coming home from a night walk.But he heard an unfamiliar footstep: someone was softly shuffling along in slippers. The door opened: a woman in a white dress came in. Hermann took her for his old nurse and wondered what could have brought her at such an hour. But gliding across the floor the white woman suddenly stood before him—and Hermann recognized the Countess! † â€Å"I have come to you against my will,’ she said in a clear voice, ‘ but I am commanded to grant your request. Three, seven, and ace will win for you in succession, provided that you stake only one card each day and never in your life play again.I forgive you my death, on condition that you marry my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna. . . . † Hermann was the only one to see this, his orderly remain asleep throughout the whole episode. Once again the element of supernatural is only witnessed by Hermann. On top of this he has been drinking heavily which Pushkin could have pointed out to lead us to believe that is was all in Hermann’s mind. With the three cards Hermann believed the Countess told him engraved in his mind he made his way to a card game in Petersburg. Hermann placed an extremely high stake on the first card, higher than the table had ever seen before.The dealer dealt and a three turned up on the left, a win for Hermann. The next evening he was back and placed even higher stakes on the seven card, another win. The next evening Hermann was back once again and everybody was gathered around the table in excitement. Hermann of course choosing ace as the Countess had told him. Tchekalinsky began dealing; his hands trembled. A queen fell on the right, an ace on the left. ‘The ace has won! ‘ Hermann said, and showed his card. ‘Your queen has lost,’ Tchekalinsky said kindly. Hermann shuddered; in fact, instead of an ace there lay before him a Queen of Spades. He could not believe his eyes or think how he could have made a mistake. At that moment it seemed to him that the Queen of Spades screwed up her eyes and gave a meaning smile. He was struck by the extraordinary likeness. . . .’The old woman! ‘ he cried in terror. On this occasion we can be sure that it’s all in Hermann’s mind as all the other players and spectators clearly see a different card to the one that Hermann is seeing. It also adds to the theory that Hermann was slowly losing his mind throughout the story with him finally being admitted to a mental hospital in the novella’s conclusion.In my opinion I think it would definitely be possible to label The Queen of Spades as a ghost story on the premise that the main character, Hermann, believes he sees a ghost. At the same time Pushkin seems to go out of his way to give us a logical reason for all of the supernatural occurrences in the story, whether it be alcohol, dreams, guilt or just simply hallucinations. There are also so many different layers to the story that labelling it a ghost story would omit so many other possible labels. Garry Evans How to cite Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’, Papers

The Influence of Human Resource Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutThe Influence of Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction The following report contains an analysis of the article based on the compensation system of Samsung and how it is monitored and evaluated in the company(Jain Gautam, 2016). The nature of pay structure must go through a properly defined function in an organization. This particular article highlights the compensation structure of Samsung. The compensation program of the company is should represent a proper core characteristics of the company. The report here also highlights the relevance of a review of reward structure of the company. Performance based, profit based, gains based, merits based compensation system. The government regulation of the management system is also highlighted as per the need of the article. Objective The main objective of this research is to analyze and evaluate the compensation management structure of Samsung. The article also gives insights to this management system. The motivation and rewards system is also part of this system. The reflection of the compensation article is also given in this discussion. The objective also includes the recommendation regarding faults of the system. Purpose The purpose of this report is to analyze the compensation management system of Samsung. Their main motive is to review the contributing factors of compensation management system. Scope The scope of reviewing the process lies in the utilization of the knowledge of performance management system as well as the compensation management system in the organization that I will work on. It will also help me in the future. Reflection Of Performance Management On Strategic HRM The organizations are dependent on the resources they use to fulfill the main vision that they abide by. Employees are one of the main resource that should be considered carefully to deal with. HR departments of the companies are in positon to utilize the human resources(Jain Gautam, 2016). The strategic utilization of the human resource involves developing a proper human resource structure, recruitment, training and development, managing workforce and workspace, retention, and compensation management. The major motivation comes from the compensation that the individuals do. To properly achieve the compensation most of the companies, abide a structure that indicates the main criteria of the company. This is backed up by the performance management system(Jain Gautam, 2016). The higher productivity and lesser scrap rates and lower turnover rates indicates a proper performance management system. Performance management system is one of the most important. Pay structure, pay level and job structure must abide by the equity and fairness theory of pay policy(Harun, Shahid Othman, 2016). The main criteria for the company is to build a structure for the performance management and provide fair compensation for their employees. According the criteria of the performance and labor market and regional pay structure also must be followed(Jain Gautam, 2016). The main problems in the job based pay structure rather than market based pay structure is to move with the trend. The communication and participation are main role of the company that changes with the designing problem of the pay program. The Key Elements Of An Effective Compensation Strategies Are Budget allocation strategy should be properly aligned with the salary benefits of the organization. The strategy should not be used in the proper manner that the compensation budget includes the benefits and incentives (YaseenMaheen, 2017). Allocating a specific budget contributes to strategic human resource management in the company. Developing salary ranges is also a major part of the employee compensation plan. Thus HR resources uses to overview the market trend of compensation scale. Therefore, HR conducts a research regarding development of ranges in the company (Yahya Tan, 2015). Salary auditing of the company with respect to performance management is also part of the compensation management system of the company. Employers are the most important part of external and internal stakeholders those who are part organizations The market trend is one of the most important factor to be considered in the system. The loss of valuable employees may affect the competitive position of the employees. Benefit packages should be used and in addition to the salary to both attract and retain the employees. Thus the goal is to alleviate the health of organization and nurture the work culture of the employees. Therefore, it would help organizations to build a brand through differentiating their identity among the employee domain(YaseenMaheen, 2017). Performance management is one of the most important objective that should be analyzed in an employee rewards and compensation strategy(LongAjagbeKowang, 2014). Annual goals and annual performance appraisals are one of the essential part of employee productivity. The legal compliance of the compensation strategy should be transparent in an organization. The minimum wage and overtime pay fair pay should also be considered in the system. The structured administration of the business process, salary audits, review process, employee engagement, hiring process is part of the administrative staff in an organization. The expectations to managing performance systems must be effective to reward strategy of the company. An attractive fixed salary can contribute to the strategic advantage of the system(Long,AjagbeKowang, 2014). Reflection From The Story Samsung is known for using compensation for their internal stakeholders in the business. The main criteria for the company is to building a proper market reputation. They are also known as the leading the market with their products. The innovators of the company should access are motivated to work by providing the proper compensation. The main criteria for the business is to promote the brainstorming process as well as leverage the process by proper compensation. Samsung also supports the ideas of talent acquisition for the company and thus they help in the job posting and recruiting by talent auditions(Deelman et al., 2015). The concept of C-Lab is also used in this organization. The employees are empowered to grow more in stimulating the innovation purpose of the company. Therefore, despite the fairness and equality in the structure of compensation, the performance of the innovators and their departments performance are calculated and encouraged with excess bonus preparation. The C -Lab projects and Research and Development center of Samsung are given emphasis to bring synergies in the personnel related to the departments and the projects (Samsung rewards Mobile division employees despite poor performance in 2015, 2018). Samsungs pay structure is competitive compared to the structure in the market. This helps them in attracting the proper talent in the system. Typically, as other company in the mobile industry pays the same kind of structure that Samsung follows. The earnings guide of the company follows a profit sharing structure. Additionally, the merit pay, gains and incentive sharing programs are also incorporate in the system. The Main Issues In That Can Be Highlighted In The Companys Compensation Management Fairness in the pay structure is not properly followed. The performance related pay programs differ from the payment and frequency method of payout. Though this have lesser negative consequence, it is contradictory to merit based pay and market based pay. There are different kinds of merit level in people and that are avoided in performance, hourly, managerial, executive base pay system. It heavily relies upon the annual revenue of the company to compensate the employee. This hampers the periodic motivational push that that the individuals need. Completely relying upon the operating profit have a mixed outcome on the employees compensation management. Some of the divisions rips the major part of the profits and remaining other can miss out the opportunity(Pillai Abraham, 2016). Thus getting demotivated to give a one hundred percent to their company. The productivity also gets hampered in the process. As the semiconductor business is one of the most profit oriented company, this department gets more bonus in from the company. Performance related pay also goes through a dilemma of whether the payment of employee salary and bonuses should be linked to individuals, organizations or the groups performance. An effective pay strategy should consider all the level of employees(Deelman et al., 2015). Samsung is known to pay bonus on the basis of sincere contribution to keeping the division running despite numerous challenges(Samsung rewards Mobile division employees despite poor performance in 2015, 2018). Therefore, this contributes to the proper motivational support to the employee. The organisational success does not reflect upon the Samsungs success in the industry. The organisations success and employee pay means are must reflect upon the pay process to increase the intangible motivational factor in employees(Dusterhoff, Cunningham MacGregor, 2014). The program does not administer the rationale of the compensation system. Keeping the division running does not encourage people and does not express proper gratitude to the system. Open unequal employee compensation is another issue that can reflect upon the weakness of the compensation system(Gupta Shaw, 2014). As per the merit based payment structure of the innovators in the company are paid more incentive regarding the business revenue (Deelman et al., 2015). Battery division of the company not getting the proper motivation in terms of bonus, as they are not included in the proper slab of bonus like other divisions of Samsung digital media research lab, software centre, semiconductor and technology centre(Dusterhoff, Cunningham MacGregor, 2014). Social comparison suggests in equity theory that the employees will evaluate their pay based on the important influence of comparison in the industry(BerberSlavi?, 2016). Thus it makes a huge impact that contributes to the fundamental motivation in the employee domain. Recommendation The main criteria of the paycheck that the employees receive after the month is to be used as a reward. Besides the compensation that the individuals receiveshould reflect and support basic mission of human resource in Samsung. The main idea is to motivate, attract and retain the effective work force in the company. Therefore, the compensation must be aligned with that for full purpose. A relevant compensation range can be used in this process and thus it can lead to categorizing the employees and their target. The geographic location and compensation management of the company should be considered in Samsung. Comprehensive training programs for technical people should be included in the developed market. Performance measurement should guide the market responsibilities of the compensation of the position. The current state statute should have revised so that the trend in the performance reach its efficiency. Flexibility and responsiveness of that links the market place to the system should also be considered. The compensation linked to the employee performance to encourage participation and employee lifecycle.Both of this factor is influenced by flexible compensation system. As performance management and training and development are connected functions of the company, they should also consider how the skill development would benefit the organization. Most of all the Consistency should be incorporated in the compensation systemof Samsung which is highly an issue identified in Samsung. Clear compensation policy is the sign of transparency in companies. It should be applied and leveraged upon in the in the performance management system. An accountability chart of the stakeholders should be prepared and administered by the company too. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that employee compensation and benefit programs requires proper attention in a company. It must be fair as per the equity theory of compensation management. The main criteria for compensation lies in the consistency and transparent performance system. Samsung has a mixed system in their compensation strategy. It has adopted profit and gain sharing strategy as well as merit based compensation strategy. The pros and cons of the system are highlighted in the reflection. As a market leader and champion in innovations strategy they also go by a proper strategy to compensate and reward their employees. As the article suggests they did not have proper increase in profit last two years. The article also highlights differentiation in profit of the companys different division. Based on the analysis of the articles the recommendation is given. The recommendation is aimed to alleviate the effect of compensation system in the company. This is supposed to alleviate w orking culture of the employees. Reference Bal, P. M., de Jong, S. B. (2017). From human resource management to human dignity development: a dignity perspective on HRM and the role of workplace democracy. InDignity and the Organization(pp. 173-195). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Becker, K., Smidt, M. (2016). A risk perspective on human resource management: A review and directions for future research.Human Resource Management Review,26(2), 149-165. Berber, N., Slavi?, A. (2016). Human resource (HR) outsourcing in European compensation management in the light of CRANET research.ActaPolytechnicaHungarica,13(3), 207-225. Deelman, E., Vahi, K., Juve, G., Rynge, M., Callaghan, S., Maechling, P. J., ... Wenger, K. (2015). Pegasus, a workflow management system for science automation.Future Generation Computer Systems,46, 17-35. Dusterhoff, C., Cunningham, J. B., MacGregor, J. N. (2014). The effects of performance rating, leadermember exchange, perceived utility, and organizational justice on performance appraisal satisfaction: Applying a moral judgment perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,119(2), 265-273. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), 1-4. Harun, S., Shahid, S. A. M., Othman, A. K. (2016). The Influence of HRM Practices Towards PHEIs Non-Academic Staff Intention to Stay: A Conceptual Model.J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci,6(5S), 82-89. Jain, S., Gautam, A. (2016). Employees perception towards performance management system: a study of selected PSUs of Uttarakhand.International Journal in Management and Social Science,4(3), 235-245. Jamali, D. R., El Dirani, A. M., Harwood, I. A. (2015). Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR?HRM co?creation model.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(2), 125-143. Kadiresan, V., Selamat, M. H., Selladurai, S., SPR, C. R., Mohamed, R. K. M. H. (2015). Performance Appraisal and Training and Development of Human Resource Management Practices (HRM) on Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention.Asian Social Science,11(24), 162. Kallio, K. M., Kallio, T. J., Tienari, J., Hyvnen, T. (2016). Ethos at stake: Performance management and academic work in universities.human relations,69(3), 685-709. Long, C. S., Ajagbe, M. A., Kowang, T. O. (2014). Addressing the issues on employees turnover intention in the perspective of HRM practices in SME.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,129, 99-104. Pillai, R. P., Abraham, C. (2016). Comparative Analysis of the HRM Practices between Hospitality and Healthcare Sectors in South Kerala.SDMIMD Journal of Management,7(2), 11-19. Raza, S., Kanwal, R., Rafique, M. A., Sarfraz, U., Zahra, M. (2017). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HRM PRACTICE, WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES EMPLOYEES IN VEHARI, PAKISTAN.International Journal of Information, Business and Management,9(2), 122. Samsung rewards Mobile division employees despite poor performance in 2015. (2018).Android Authority. Retrieved 24 January 2018, from https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-rewards-mobile-division-employees-669904/ Sangwan, S. (2015). IMPACT OF COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS. Subramaniam, B., Selvanayagam, J., Yogarajah, V. (2016). Impact of Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, Performance Evaluation, and Compensation (HRM Practices) on Employees Trust. Yahya, K. K., Tan, F. Y. (2015). Enhancing Career Commitment: The Influence of Human Resource Management Practices.International Journal of Business and Society,16(2), 237. Yahya, K. K., Tan, F. Y. (2015). Enhancing Career Commitment: The Influence of Human Resource Management Practices.International Journal of Business and Society,16(2), 237. Yaseen, R., Maheen, S. (2017). IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Hamid Cheema (supervisor) Ayesha cheema.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,5(1), 76-90.

A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail essays

A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail essays A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail Being a letter (correspondence), this article, does not have a title per say, it has come to be known as Letter from Birmingham Jail. In the letter the writer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Dr. King) discusses his views on what was happening in the Civil Rights Movement and why. Dr. King is a credible writer and becomes qualified to write on this topic since he is possibly the best-known leader for the movement for African-American civil rights. Being a leader in this movement Dr. King adds more strength to his letter by being very appealing to authority, establishing credibility, character, and confidence; he gains all this by telling the reader about his position in the Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King has a certain type of philosophy that most people tend to agree with. Dr. King wrote this letter while he was in the Birmingham jail where he was detained after being arrested by the Birmingham police for his part in a demonstration. He was in Birmingham because an affiliate invited to Birmingham to participate in a non-violent direct action program. Dr. King sent this letter to Fellow Clergymen and has since been published in many forms because of the historical impact it holds. Initially directed towards the eight clergymen that had made statements that his present activities were unwise and untimely; Dr. King wrote this letter because he felt the need to defend his actions. This letter is easy for the reader to understand and very clear about the purpose, because of the good use of ethos, pathos, and logos. It appears he was trying to get the readers attention to let them know that he was going to explain his ideas and actions. He is very effective in his use of ethos and logos when explaining his purpose and reasoning for the actions. First, LOGOS is an effective appeal that Dr. King uses in this letter by being logical ...

Essay on Beauty and the BeastEssay Writing Service

Essay on Beauty and the BeastEssay Writing Service Essay on Beauty and the Beast Essay on Beauty and the BeastDishes shape the Eiffel Tower to symbolize the French background and to create the authentic French spirit. At the same time, dishes shaping the Eiffel Tower give multiple implications. France is traditionally associated not only with the Eiffel Tower but also with the French cuisine. In such a way, dishes are directly related to the French cuisine. At the same time, the candle is talking with the distinct French accent. In such a way, the episode gives clear implications to the French background and conveys the authentic French spirit. The Beauty is also closely intertwined with the French background of the episode because France, especially Paris was traditionally associated with beauty and fashion. This is why the close association with France naturally implies the beauty.In such a way, the short episode that lasts for only seven seconds uncovers multiple implications and symbols that make the episode stylistically and semantically rich. To put it more precisely, the episode conveys intensively the idea of the French background of the main character and its environment. At the same time, such symbolism is used on purpose to show that Beauty is in the place, where she deserves to be. She is like a princess living in a French castle, surrounded by French cuisine, furniture and atmosphere. Even her beauty has implications to France and French background. On the other hand, such correlation to France is made purposefully to elevate the main character, Beauty because such European, French background makes her different from the average person the audience expects to encounter in the course of the film.Thus, the episode helps to understand the specific French background and environment of the main character.

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tort law - Essay Example However, contact is the basic element of battery. Since contact is an essential element of battery, there must be an absence of contact for an assault. In other words loosing battery comes under the ambit of an assault2. As per the law of UK both the offenses can be booked under criminal and law of tort. Therefore, anyone who found guilty under the offenses is liable for prosecution under the criminal and civil law. Under the criminal law assault is an attempt to commit a battery one some one’s body3. Intention or motive behind an offense is necessary. The defendant or the attacker must have intention or motive to harm someone bodily. Assault and battery have two motives a) one in retaliation and b) in self defense. The intention or motive involved in assault and battery should appear on the body of the aggrieved person. If there is no intention or motive of a person to bodily harm another person, legally cannot be considered guilty of offenses as mentioned hereinabove4. Conse nt In all civilized states, consent is used in defense of civil assault and battery by the offenders. However, combating with mutual consensus does not deprive anybody of his or her legal right to sue. However, there is difference of opinion amongst the jurists whether the criminal assault or battery can be used in defense of any person. ... Self-Defense A commonly used term wherein a person can use a certain degree of force to save himself from bodily injuries inflicted upon by another person. Now it is up to jury to determine whether the degree of force used in self defense is valid and permissible under the law. If a man by his or her own will initiate fight without justified reasons against another person cannot be treated such fight in self dense. Here, the intention and motive of a person does matter6. As far as the use of force against the offender with an object to save himself or herself in retaliation of an aggressor’s attempt is justifiable under the law. In all the countries around the globe, a defender can use deadly weapon to save his or her life provided his or her life is in danger. In majority states, law provides support to a person who may stand in front of an aggressor to defend himself although the chances of safe escape from the scene are there7. The court will examine the degree of force use d by the defender against the offender under the circumstances was justified or not. The following factors should be taken into account by the jury while deciding the matter a) age b) size and c) strength of participants8. Defense of Others Helping out others in their turmoil or in case of need treated valid defense provided the defender was not at fault. In case of defending others, the defender’s right to claim self defense of a protected person cannot be undermined. In few cases the defender reasonably believes that he or she was in need of help to come out of the worst scenario9. The law of tort treats the assault and battery an attack on the security and safety of a person life hence the wrong done to the victims attracts compensation for the damages. Under the civil law, the

Silent film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Silent film - Assignment Example The main idea of silent movies was the moral and social issues of the developing era. These included poverty, women’s suffrage, child labor, contraception, prostitution, immigration, political corruption, prisons, and divorce (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Today, Americans think that silent films are subject of interest for the innocent age. However, they are filled with significant social and political constituents. These were people preoccupied with issues such as political corruption, sources of crime, abandoning sexual norms, and changing women role. Many early films also included themes against authority, making fun of bumbling police officers, dishonest politicians, and meddlesome upper-class reformers (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Gender relations were also a component of early silent film. Before 1905, Kathy Peiss noted that movie screens were full of indecent sexual images, shocking humor, and many glimpses of women undressing or scenes of passionate kissing. The effect of the films on the younger generation was to make them be independent and dissociate themselves from divisions in the

Same sex marraige should be legalized Research Paper - 1

Same sex marraige should be legalized - Research Paper Example egalized on the grounds that they are socially acceptable, certain states have started accepting this kind of marriage, this kind of marriage results in the wellbeing of the society and those who are against same sex marriage are conducting an act of discrimination. Deniability of same sex marriage is against religion even though religious groups state that such marriages are equal to conducting a sinful act. According to the 1st Amendment, an individual’s religious views should be protected by the state. Marriages are divided between religious and civil marriages and if rules and regulations are made against marriage on the basis of religion, then the policy makers are working against the fact that marriages are a worldly act. Marriages of any kind result in several benefits for the involved couples, marriages have an impact on filing of taxes, property ownership, benefits of insurance and law of agency. Marriages have a positive impact on several decisions, for example: if one of the couples involved in a gay relationship end up getting sick and is hospitalized, the other couple will only be allowed to meet him/her if same sex marriage is legalized. This is because without the legalization of same sex marriage, the couples ill not be a llowed to meet and will result in emotional sufferings for the couples. The law requires that medical decisions regarding an individual can be made by her marriage partner and not by those individuals with whom the patient shares an intimate relationship without marriage. If same sex marriages are not legalized, gay couples may only be recognized as individuals who are sharing an intimate relationship and may not be able to take decisions on each other’s behalf. Same sex relationship has gained acceptance within the society and it is backed by biological evidence. These relationships have been in existence since the Greek and the Roman period, the very term lesbian is not a new term, it was developed by the Greeks. Greeks had a

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models Abstract: Memristor a two terminal passive non volatile device is considered as the fourth circuit element and can be used in many applications which includes memory, logic and neuromorphic systems. The memristor provides many advantages like scalability, compatibility with CMOS and offers no leakage current. Various models of memristor have been discussed in this paper. The main focus is on the Current-Voltage (IV) relation of different models and its simulation is done in Cadence Virtuoso. Index Terms- memristor, VerilogA, window function, SPICE, threshold. INTRODUCTION In 1971, L. O. Chua introduced the fourth passive circuit element named memristor which is two terminal non volatile device with a property of variable resistance known as memristance [1]. The memristance provides the relation in the time integrals of voltage and current. Originally, current controlled time invariant memristor is expressed as where w is state variable, v(t) is the device voltage, i(t) is the memristor device current, R(w, i) is the memristance and t is the time period. Since HP labs proclaimed the physical working model of memristor [2], it opens the doors to the new type of electronics. Some of the applications includes logic design [3] [4], memory [5], neuromorphic systems [6]. Different models of memristor have been deigned. Formally designed models does not contain threshold [2] [7] [8] (i.e. resistance changes for any current or voltage). The Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (TEAM )[9] and Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (VTEAM) [10] models exhibits the threshold current and threshold voltage respectively, are the most efficient models and less computational complexity. In this paper current-voltage relation of different models is implemented using VerilogA code. Section II describes the different types of memristor models. Comparison of memristor model is provided in section III. The paper is concluded in section IV. DIFFERENT MEMRISTOR MODELS Linear Ion Drift Model This is the first and basic model of memristor proposed by HP Labs [3]. This model has width which is splitted in two regions as shown in Figure 1. The region with width w is doped with positive oxygen ions (originally TiO2) and has low resistance therefore is more conductive and other side is undoped. Each region is modeled with resistor (in series). Various assumptions are considered i.e. ohmic conductance, uniform field and average ion mobility. RON is the resistance at w(t) = D and ROFF is the resistance at w(t) = 0 The state variable w(t) is bounded within the interval [0,D]. To prevent w from going beyond the physical dimensions of the device, the derivative of w is required to multiply by the window function. The IV relationship curve of linear ion drift model of memristor for sinusoidal input is shown in figure 2. Figure1: HP memristor model [1] Figure 2: IV curve of linear memristor model with 2-window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1, w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Non Linear Ion Drift Model Although the linear ion drift model of memristor is simple and satisfies the basic memristor equations. But as per the experiments of the fabricated device, it behaves differently i.e. it is highly non linear [11] [12]. The non linearity is desirable for logic circuits, therefore another memristor model have been proposed based on experimental results concluded in [11]. A model is [13] proposed. The relation between current and voltage for this model is Where ÃŽ ±, , are known as fitting parameters and parameter n describes the influence of state variable (w) on the currents. . Here, the state variable w is normalized within the interval [0,1]. The model shows asymmetric switching behavior, in a way that during the ON state, w is near one and the first term of, is the dominant part of the current, which is a tunneling phenomenon. During the OFF state, w is near zero and the second term, has the dominant part of the current, which is similar to an ideal diode equation. The state variable differential equation is written as where a, m are constants, f(w) is the window function and m is an odd integer. And there is a nonlinear dependency on voltage. The IV characteristics of this model is shown in figure 3. Figure3: IV curve of non linear ion drift model with 2-window function (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, P_coeff=1, initial state=0.5, j=1, Alpha=2, Beta=9, C=0.01, g=4, n=13, q=13,a=4, w_multiplied=1, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure 4: IV curve of simmons tunnel barrier model. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, D=3e-9m, initial state=0.5, aon=2e-9,aoff =1.2e-9, ion=8.9e-6, ioff=115e-6,con=40e-6, coff=3.5e-6,b=500e-6,Xc=107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Simmons Tunnel Barrier Model Another model having more accuracy than previous discussed model was proposed in [14]. The assumptions of this new model includes non-linearity and asymmetric switching behavior because of an exponential dependency of movement of ionized dopants i.e. changes in state variable. Physical model of this type has a resistor in series with electron tunnel barrier. The simmons tunnel barrier width x, is the state variable. So the derivative of x can be represented as oxygen vacancy drift velocity, and is: where b, con, coff, ion, ioff, aon, aoff are known as fitting parameters. Con is always greater than coff and they both effect the magnitude of change of x. The parameters ioff and ion define the current threshold. Another parameter aoff and aon gives the upper and lower bounds of x respectively. Within the range defined, the derivative of state variable x, is significantly smaller than state variable itself. Therefore, there is no need of window function that is the biggest advantage of this model. According to the simmons tunnel model, the relation between voltage and current can be expressed as: Where V is applied voltage and v is internal voltage of the device (it is not necessary that both voltages are equal [15] ). Based on the fitting parameters, the IV characteristics curve of the simmons tunnel barrier model is shown in figure 4. TEAM Model Before 2013, it was claimed that Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is the most accurate memristor model but it too has some limitations of complication, unexplicit relation in voltage and current and is not in general. Therefore a model with accuracy and simpler expressions is the main demand. The TEAM ( Threshold Adaptive Memristor model) is proposed by Shahar Kvatinsky [16]. This is simple and general model, physically similar to predefined model. Some assumptions can be made for analysis and for computational efficiency. Based on assumptions, state variable derivative of this model is expressed as where aon,aoff, kon,and koff are constants (koff is positive and kon is negative). foff(x) and fon (x) are the window functions, depends on state variable x. by assuming the current voltage relation is same as memristance of memristor which changes linearly in x. Therefore, but if Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is assumed then memristance changes exponentially and given as where ÃŽ » is the fitting parameter. The parameter Ron and Roff are resistances at bound and satisfies By tuning different parameters of the model, the VI curve of this model is showm in figure11. According to [9], it is claimed that the accuracy of TEAM model is more enough having mean error of 0.2%. VTEAM Model Many experiments on memristive devices shown the existence of threshold voltage [2] [16] [17] instead of threshold current. Therefore, Shahar Kvatinsky designs the new model i.e. VTEAM model [10] (Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model), contains threshold voltage. Another reason for the existence of this model is that a memristor exhibiting threshold voltage is more desirable than the threshold current in many applications of memory and logic [10]. The advantages of TEAM model (i.e. general, accurate, simple, designer friendly) combines with threshold voltage in spite of threshold current gives the VTEAM model. Similar to the state variable derivative of TEAM model, the state variable derivative of VTEAM model is where koff, kon ÃŽ ±off and ÃŽ ±on are constants. Parameters voff and von are threshold voltages. The window functions fon and foff defines the dependency of state variable derivative on state variable w. for VTEAM model, the current voltage relation is not properly defined but the linear dependency of state variable and resistance can be attained, from where current voltage relation is where woff and won gives bounds of state variable w. The curve for the IV relation of VTEAM memristor model is depicted as in figure 6. Figure 5: IV curve of TEAM model with 4-window type. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2.3e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, ion=-1e-6, ioff=1e-6, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure6: IV curve of VTEAM model without window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, von=-0.2 voff=0.02, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) COMPARISON Comparison of different models of memristor is listed in table1. Table 1: Comparison between diffent memristor models. CONCLUSION In this paper, different models of memristor- linear ion drift model, non linear ion drift model, simmons tunnel barrier model, TEAM model and VTEAM model are described. Moreover the VI characteristics of each model is simulated. The VI curve for VTEAM model is most efficient and desirable. Also VTEAM and TEAM models are simple, general and accurate. The VI characteristics of each model is implemented by using verilogA code [18] because of its effiency regarding computational time than SPICE model. REFERENCES L. O. Chua, â€Å"Memristor – The Missing Circuit Element,† IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 507-519, 1971. D. B. Strukov, G. S. Snider, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, The Missing Memristor Found,† Nature, Vol. 453, No. 7191, pp. 80-83, 2008. G. Snider, â€Å"Computing with hysteretic resistor crossbars†, Applied Physics A, Material Science Process, vol. 80, page 1165-1172, 2005. S. Kvatinsky, E. G. Friedman, A. Kolodny, and U. C. Wieser, â€Å"Memristor-based IMPLY logic design procedure†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computational Design, page 142-147, 2011. G. M. Huang, Y. Ho, and P. Li, â€Å"Nonvolatile memristor memory: Device characteristics and design implication†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computer Aided Design, page 485-490, 2009. A. Ayatollahi, A. Afifi, and F. Raissi, â€Å"Implementation of biologically plausible spiking neural network models on memristor crossbar-based CMOS/Nano circuits,† Proceedings Eur. Conference Circuit Theory Design, page 563-566, 2009. E. Lehtonen and M. Laiho, CNN Using Memristors for Neighborhood Connections, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and their Applications, pp. 1-4, February 2010. M. D. Pickett et al., Switching Dynamics in Titanium Dioxide Memristive Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 1-6, October 2009. S. Kvatinsky, A. Kolodny, U. C. Wieser, and E. G. Friedman, â€Å"TEAM: ThrEshold Adaptive Memristor Model†, IEEE Transactions on circuits and Systems 1: Regular Papers, page 211-221, 2013. S. Kvatinsky, M. Ramadan, E. G. Friedman, and A. Kolodny, â€Å"VTEAM – A General Model for Voltage Controlled Memristors†, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, page- 1-5, 2014. J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, X. Li, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, â€Å"Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevice†, Nature Nanotechnology, page 429-433, 2008. R. S. Williams, and D. B. Strukov, â€Å"Exponential ionic drift: Fast switching and low volatility of thin- film memristor†, Applied Physics A. Material Sci. Process., page 515-519, 2009. M. Laiho, and E. Lehtonen, â€Å"CNN using memristors for neighborhood connections†, Proceedings International Workshop Cell. Nanoscale Network Their Applications, page 1-4, 2010. D. B. Strukov, J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, and J. L. Borghetti, â€Å"Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1-6, 2009. J. G. Simmons, â€Å" Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by thin insulating film†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1793-1803, 1963. A. Chanthbouala, et al., A Ferroelectric Memristor., Nature materials, page 860-864, 2010. D. Liu, et al., Analog Memristors Based on Thickening/Thinning of Ag Nanofilaments in Amorphous Manganite Thin Films, ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, page 11258-11264, 2013.

Animal Disturbances in Eastern Deciduous Forests Essay -- Ecology, Eco

The study of ecology is currently primarily focused upon anthropogenic effects on ecosystems as well as feeding relationships; however, non-feeding interactions are also an important factor in understanding the balance of the ecosystem and identifying issues. These interactions are generally termed disturbances. What constitutes a disturbance? White and Pickett defined it as â€Å"any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment† (White 1985). Some definitions of disturbances such as Grime's require the destruction of biomass, however, this tends to rule out many events that cause changes in the makeup of ecosystems yet are not feeding interactions (Buckley 1992). All animals interact with their environment beyond simply feeding as even walking can affect the makeup of the environment by crushing grasses or insects. Still, not all animals have the same degree of effect on the environment - certain animals are considered to be â€Å"ecosystem engineers.† These ecosystem engineers include crocodiles and beavers, animals that substantially change the environment around them to adapt it to their needs. Clive G. Jones defined ecosystem engineers as â€Å"organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In doing so, they modify, maintain, and create habitats†(Jones 1994). Of course, not all organisms that have non-trophic effects on their environment are ecosystem engineers. It is simply that the effects of the ecosystem engineer tend to be the best studied as they have the largest, most deliberate effect. H... ...ing monoculture comes a plethora of plant viruses that were previously reduced by diversity. As Castello states: â€Å"As forests become monocultures of one or several species, and as they suffer from mismanagement...they become more vulnerable to the impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses†(Castello 1989). Problematically, little is known about plant viruses and thus little is known about how to manage forests to prevent viruses or reduce their impact. There is some disagreement on whether a lack of disturbances truly leads to monoculture as certain ecologists including Hubbell believe that recruitment failures outweigh any possible effect of disturbances (Hubbell 1999). However, as studies have shown, disturbances can drastically increase recruitment failures. Nearly all researchers did agree that anthropogenic disturbances universally reduce diversity in ecosystems.

Synoptic Gospels

Synoptic Gospels Introduction God used his four Gospels to accomplish a purpose. Each Gospel and author had a different purpose and each focused on the different facets of Jesus and his ministry. â€Å"The first three Gospels â€Å"are referred to as the synoptic gospels because of the large amount of overlapping materials. (In Greek, synoptic means â€Å"seen together’). The Gospel of John is distinguished from the synoptic gospels due to the accounts on Jesus miracles and discourses. † (Mueller 79). The Gospel of John is often used to compare and contrast the synoptic three gospels.The synoptic gospels and their similarities has risen a growing suspicion if the authors had a common source or if they retrieved their information or it has even been argued they copied each other’s gospels. This has caused many growing issues among Christians over a span of time concerning the similarities and differences in each gospel. Between the earliest surviving Gospel and the death of Jesus, four decades had passed; knowing this gives a person reasonable belief Gospels were the true writings. They were written by the authors based on many writings as well as eyewitness testimony.The similarities in Matthew, Mark and Luke can be explained by oral tradition meaning what they saw and heard for themselves; as well as stories and events told by communities during Jesus life and after his death. The first three Gospels are what are known as the â€Å"Synoptic Problem†. â€Å"The Synoptic Problem addresses the need to account for the similarities and differences in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. † (Mueller 85) The â€Å"Synoptic Problem† is not really a problem at all it is a question which consists of who wrote the first gospel and did one copy from the other?How did the three gospels bear such a likeness to each other and not the Gospel of John? There is no real or correct answer to this question or problem. The synoptic gosp els were obviously written in different places, by different people and at different times. Each Gospel was written with its own theme and emphasis on Jesus and reasoning behind it. â€Å"These three books, which occupy perhaps 240 pages of the average edition of the New Testament, have been the subject of a weight of scholarly investigation, an analysis which leaves far behind that accorded to any other literature in the world. † (Hanson) Similarities and DifferencesWhile comparing Matthew, Mark and Luke there are similarities and differences between the gospels. There are significant numbers of exact wording, order of narrative and parenthetical material. Of 661 verses which belong to Mark all but 30 verses are found in Mark and/or Luke. Of the material common to Mark and in Matthew and Luke there are 8, 189 of the 10, 10650 words found in one or both of them. Matthew and Luke have 235 verses in common that is not found in Mark, leading us to believe that Matthew Mark and L uke depended upon each other or that two sources were used to produce these gospels.It is not indicted or proven that they copied from each other. (Farmer) â€Å"Since Matthew and Luke wrote independently but share so much of non-Markan material the â€Å"other source† material called (â€Å"Q†). † (Mueller) Hypothesis and Theory There is a continuing debate regarding the composition of the Gospels. There are many theories and hypotheses based on biblical scripture and theological findings but there is no right or wrong answer. The Augustinian hypothesis states since Matthew was the first written gospel the Gospel of Mark came after Matthew and Luke wrote his gospel based on theirs (Piper).In addition, Griesbach accepted this theory and â€Å"dismissed any kind of traditional attempt and was focused on the three Gospels literary dependence between gospel narratives†. (Smith), Griesbach dismissed traditional attempts to blend these accounts & focused atten tion on their literary dependence instead (Smith). Gresbach even published a thesis where Mark often followed Matthews writing as a guide to his writings. Second is the Two- source; this thesis shows the gospels of Matthew & Luke are independent writings. They each are based on Mark and Q.Mark is identified as the main source of information to whereas Matthew and Luke had gathered their information for their gospels from because of the similarities in wording, events, and parallels A Philosophically trained British theologian & biblical exegete by the name of Mark Farrer held that Mark was Matthews’s sole literary source. (Smith) Farrer states that any writings from Matthew such as Sermon on the Mount that could not be traced back to Mark must be his own. Lastly the Q source hypothesis which is a written document composed in Greek is short for: Quelle: which is defined in German for source. Q contained sayings and discourses ascribed in to Jesus† (McConkey). There was n ever a copy of Q found but many scholars are convinced it did exist. This hypothesis states most of Q contents appear either both in Matthew and Luke or in one or the other. There are many other hypothesis and theories base on the solving the synoptic problem. Solution â€Å"The prevailing solution to the synoptic problem for the past century among scholars trained in literary criticism of the gospels. The thesis is the gospels of Matthew & Luke are independent compositions, each based on two earlier texts: Mark & Q. Smith) In comparing the Gospels in which points they are similar to other existing pieces. In the future, such comparison should identify the issues of composition, social context, and ideology the will be more useful than a sterile â€Å"form/content/function† analysis. In addition, it should be also recognized that the closest parallels to the Gospel genre are most likely to be found within the same Jewish environment which gave rise to the church itself. (Tha tcher) Conclusion The Synoptic Gospels all tell the story of Jesus, and proclaim him the Son of God.Essentially what we believe in as Christians will not change whichever way the synoptic problem is solved. Whether we know him as the King, the Servant, the Son of Man or Son of God , we know he is one in the same; Jesus. As is shown by the writings of the Synoptic Gospels as well as the Gospel of John are a true testimony of the accounts of Jesus ministry. . Although each author may place emphasis on different facets of Jesus birth, life, death and resurrection the subject remains the same. Jesus died to save us from our sins.Works Cited Farmer, William R. THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM . Mercer University Press, 1981. Hanson, R P C. Bp. â€Å"Assessment of motive in the study of the Synoptic Gospels†. Modern Churchman (1967. ): ns 10 no 4 Jl 1967, p 255-269. James McConkey, Robinson, Christopher, the Sayings Gospel Q: Mueller, J. J. , SJ, editor. Theological Foundations. Winona: Anselm Academic, Christian Brothers Publications, 2007. Piper, Ronald Allen. â€Å"The gospels behind the Gospels: current studies on Q. † Novum Testamentum (1995): 23. Smith,

Take these things off your resume ASAP

Take these things off your resume ASAP We’re not telling you anything you don’t know when we say that today’s job market is intense- across industries and professions, every job opening is met with a rush of talented and qualified applicants from around the country, all vying for the same spot. With hundreds (if not more) people applying for open positions, you better be sure that every aspect of your job-hunting game is razor sharp- including your resume. If you’re sending out resumes with any of the following things on them, stop what you’re doing and make some changes- fast.Salary requirements or historyUnless you’re responding to a job ad that specifically asks for your salary history and requirements (and if it does, include it in your cover letter, not your resume), save the salary talk for the negotiation once a job offer has been made. Your first impression and your resume should be all about what you can offer a prospective employer, not what you require from them.Persona l social media linksYes, you’re a person and it’s okay for prospective employers to be aware of this, but save your limited resume real estate for professional accomplishments and experience. In fact, it’s much more likely that there are things on your social media pages that could dissuade potential employers from hiring you than convince them that you’re the perfect person for the job.â€Å"Creative† fonts and imagesSure, it makes sense that you want to stand out from the job-hunting crowd and make a lasting impression on prospective employers, but using a wacky, magenta-colored font or embedding photos of you and your dog won’t bring you the kind of attention you’re looking for. Hiring managers are busy people with limited time, and won’t sift through a maze of creative flourishes to get to the heart of your resume and figure out if you have what it takes to handle the job. Help them by making your resume as professional and easy-to-follow as possible.A boilerplate objective statementA generic, boilerplate objective statement is typically a waste of space on your resume, as it likely just repeats the messaging you have in your cover letter, and often is full of tired clichà ©s (more on that later). Besides, hiring personnel know that your primary objective is to get this particular job, or you wouldn’t be applying for it.Outdated skillsAre you proud of your WordPerfect wizardry or your ability to operate a fax machine? That’s great, but keep it to yourself- shining a light on your mastery of outdated office technology will not only fail to impress potential employers, it will make you seem out of date. Also, don’t bother talking about your skills with obvious office tools like Microsoft Word, telephones, or email. In today’s job market, your ability to navigate basic office technology is a given, not a bonus.Resume clichà ©sAre you a â€Å"team player,† your officeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s â€Å"go-to person,† or a â€Å"passionate self-starter†? While these may all be true, these tired and worn phrases come off as weak and meaningless on resumes- they’re simply overused, generic clichà ©s that have long since lost their ability to impress hiring personnel and make you stand out from the crowd. Save your bullet points for targeted, measurable, results-driven facts that drive home your perceived value as a prospective employee.TyposThis one seems obvious, right? Well, you’d be surprised by how many people think that too, and then send out resumes with glaring typos on them. A nationwide survey released by CareerBuilder  found that 58% of resumes received by those polled had typos. Sloppiness is not a good way to introduce yourself to prospective employers!After crafting your resume until it’s just right, be sure to check it carefully for errors- and then check it again. Better still, have someone you trust review it as wel l. Only when you’re absolutely, positively sure that your resume is free from typos and mistakes should you even think about sending it out.Along with your cover letter, your resume is going to serve as your first impression, so there’s simply no room for error. Make sure that the things mentioned here are as far from your resume as possible, and you’ll be sure to make a better impression on hiring managers and prospective employers.

Using Sentence Connectors to Express Complex Ideas

Using Sentence Connectors to Express Complex Ideas Once you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences and are one of the best ways to improve and add sophistication to your writing.   Sentence connectors are also referred to as linking language. There are a number of forms of sentence connections such as: Conjunctions, which connect two simple ideas: The teacher discussed French and German history. Coordinating conjunctions, which  connect two phrases or simple sentences: Jennifer would like to visit Rome, and she would like to spend some time in Naples. Subordinating conjunctions, which  connect a dependent and an independent clause: Just as its important to win, its important to play the game.   Conjunctive adverbs are used to connect one sentence to another: Children get plenty of exercise at our school. Similarly, they enjoy extensive art programs. Prepositions must be used with nouns rather than full phrases: Like Seattle, Tacoma is located on the Puget Sound in the state of Washington. Sentence connectors are used for many tasks. For example they can indicate  additional information. Not only do students have to take weekly tests, but they are also required to take pop-quizzes throughout the term.The company needs to invest more heavily in research and development. In addition, we need to improve our manufacturing facilities. Sentence connectors can indicate opposition  or contrast between ideas.   Mary asked for another week to complete the project although she had already spent three weeks in preparation.Despite the economic growth of the past eight years, most middle class citizens are having difficult making ends meet.    Connectors can also  show the cause and effect  of certain actions or when explaining the reasons for decisions. We decided to hire three more employees because sales were increasing rapidly.The sales department developed a new marketing campaign. As a result, sales have risen by more than 50% over the last six months.   English also uses sentence connectors to  contrast information. On the one hand, they have improved their language skills. On the other hand, they still need to improve their understanding of basic math.Unlike the nineteenth century, the twentieth century saw science become the leading subject in universities around the world.   Finally, use subordinating conjunctions such as if or unless to  express conditions  when connecting ideas in English.   Unless Tom can complete the project by the end of next week, we wont win the contract with the city government.  Focus your energies on your studies while at college. Otherwise, youll be left with a lot of debt and no diploma.   Type of Connector Connector(s) Examples Coordinating Conjunction and...too High level positions are stressful, and can be harmful to your health too.Customers are satisfied with our sales, and they feel our marketing team is friendly too. Subordinating conjunction just as Just as high level positions are stressful, they can be harmful to your health.Just as students need a vacation from studies, employees require some downtime in order to bring their best efforts to work. Conjunctive adverbs similarly, in comparison High level positions are stressful at times. Similarly, they can be harmful to your health.Students from Asian countries tend to be excellent at grammar. In comparison, European students often excel in conversational skills. Prepositions like, similar to Similar to other important professions, high level business positions are stressful at times.Like the healthy pursuit of free time activities, success in the workplace or at school is essential to a well-rounded individual.

Educational Reform in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Educational Reform in America - Essay Example During the permissive era, public schools got permission from the government to organize their subjects according to the local voters’ approval. In the permissive era, parents were given complete authority. The Encouraging Era The encouraging era started in the year 1826 and continued till 1851. During the encouraging era, the government encouraged the development of school districts as well as increased the tax revenues in their support. Nevertheless, the government did not require the schools to be established during the encouraging era. This era is primarily marked by the authority of the parents and children did not face any compulsion to attend public schools. The Compulsory Era The compulsory era in the history of American education ranged from the year 1855 till 1980. As the name of the stage indicates, at this stage, government made the establishment of school districts obligatory and compelled taxation of the government schools. In addition, the structure and curricul um of the schools was also finalized during the compulsory era. In this era, the authority of the parents declined, and children belonging to specific age groups were obliged to go to school. In some of the states, it was illegalized for children to go to non-government schools irrespective of the parents’ affordability of the fee and other expenses. The Freedom Era The freedom era started in the year 1980 and continued till 2009. During the freedom era, there was a noticeable increase in the options of education available to children that included but were not limited to vouchers, homeschooling, scholarship tax credits, charter schools, tax credits of tuition, and deductions in education. The freedom era was marked by increased availability of a variety of options to... This paper approves that the lifestyle in the present age is of such a nature that there are very minimal, if any, opportunities of growth and advancement for the individuals that are not educated. Education is required in every field of life, ranging from engineering to medical sciences, and teaching to business administration. Even business entrepreneurs cannot do without being educated. The educated people can think of numerous ways to dodge a businessman who has a lot of money but is not educated. Education is needed to be eligible for employment in all fields. These days, the level of education of the candidates is one of the most fundamental factors based on which the managers decide whom to recruit for a specific post. Education is not only required to be eligible for employment in a given field; the benefits of education extend far beyond this. For example, an educated person knows how to monitor the diet in such a way that he/she consumes the optimum number of calories to re main smart whereas an uneducated person suffers because of dieting and hunger. This essay makes a conclusion that the participation rate of the remedial courses by the minority students is even higher whereas the rates of completion are significantly lower. It is beyond any doubt that certain level of education and training is fundamental to the attainment of jobs and development of careers to have a good standard of living. To improve the quality of education in America as well as increase the tendency of the American students to acquire good grades in education, reforms are needed in the governmental policies as well as in the educational system.

International Economic History since 1870 Essay

International Economic History since 1870 - Essay Example The plan of new economic financial system produced by the United Kingdom and the USA was aimed to remedy some imbalances of pre war economic financial system of gold standard. Such huge economic problems as the volatility of the floating exchange rates, dependence of the countries on the adjustment mechanisms, had been frequently resolved either by recession and deflation or by inflation and rapid expansion. New conference led to the establishment of the new fund International Monetary Fund that was destined to remedy some imbalances in the world economy.2 New mechanism devised by the countries provided for the system with fixed yet adjustable exchange rates; those countries that experienced payment deficits could borrow necessary funds from created monetary fund, whereas the nations with the payment surpluses could lend funds; the agreement also envisaged the change of the exchange rates if the financial steps taken by the Governments were not able to resolve the problem of the payment deficits. In sharp contrast with the pre war period, dollar rather than gold was set as the world reserve currency, other nations provided dollar values for their currencies; the value of the currency of other country in dollar or par value was maintained by the national banks of nations. For instance the United Kingdom set $ 2.80 per British pound; all banks of the nations participants of the Fund agreed to maintain the values of their currencies within 1 percent of the par value of the currency. 3 However, the initial success of the newly created financial system depended on the post war economic recovery especially in the European countries; the USA was almost the only developed country that had strong and stable economy at the end of 1945. The economies of most of the European countries had been devastated by the conflict and required large amount of technical and financial assistance to restore pre war levels of economic development. 4 Despite the fact that over 5 billion dollars had been granted to European nations by 1947, most of these funds were spent on some short-term emergencies and no long term plan of economic recovery had been developed. Apart from economic reasons to restore economies of Europe, the plan was also aimed to check the spread of Communism in some of the countries of Western and Southern Europe; as there was a real threat that leftist parties might win the election throughout whole Western Europe, or that some politicians might be tempted to rebuild s hattered economy of Europe by communist methods. Naturally these prospects were not greeted with enthusiasm in the United States, neither the USA could allow European continent to succumb to this Communist threat. Despite the fact that plan was developed with the purpose to check the communism, yet all nations including the countries of the Communist block were invited to participate in the program; latter countries of the Eastern Europe were forced to refuse to participate in

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Strategic Management - Essay Example The fundamental question that the author is addressing, how does strategic HRM promote thinking about the public workforce? This is about the role of human resource and the best practice that circumvent effective management of the human resource in the postindustrial society. Such a question helps the authors showcase the myriad changes the resource itself as well as the practices to manage it has undergone along the lucrative packages attached to effective HRM in modern strategic management. The most important information of the article is that strategic significance of the human resource and its origin, particularly the alteration of the goods and services production services. The article compares that pre-industrial and post-industrial periods against the significance attached to people in the final goods and services with respect to tactical and operational importance. In the pre-modern world, the article notes how individual were operationally significance when they served as common labor that culminated in the production of physical products or services. Indeed, the pre-manufacturing and office operations saw people assigned to the certain position based on the industrial-based organizations in which organizational bundles of responsibilities, duties and tasks determined how human resources were utilized. However, in the post-industrial era people are tactical and undergoes massive training, varied and not easily interchangeable with a more complex organizational f rameworks when contrasted to the early industrial system. Thus, the deployment of human resource is currently determined by supervisory styles., morale and human connections, human learning as well as organization design. Moreover, there is a myriad change in the post-industrial system with respect to the relationships between productivity and people. This validates the significance of HRM as productivity surpasses a mere definition of

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The peripatetic traveler is the quintessential image of a globalised man. Today’s traveler is driven by the commercial forces of globalization and improved communications in the World which has seen travel and tourism grow as an industry. In the ancient and medieval ages however, when traveling was not that simple and safe, a few adventurists quite literally walked across the globe or what ever was known of it then. These were men as Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, who covered vast spaces compared to capacity of transportation in the era in which they lived and have left rich sources of history documented in their travels. There is much debate over the relevance of the jottings made by these travelers to modern day history. Sceptics tend to question the authenticity and objectiveness as well as ability to portray a correct picture of a cross cultural interaction which these travelers tend to pursue from their own perspective. Travel literature has substantial relevance in providing authentic information of cross cultural interaction, the cross cultural trends, a perception of cross cultural association between people and is proving to be a good source of authentic and endearing history today as it provides a perspective in today’s world through an understanding of medieval religion and cultures. Information of cross-cultural interaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ancient and medieval times were denoted by lack of developed communications and modes of interaction for travel. There were also very limited historical recordings and what ever existed was at the behest of the ruling cliques, thereby making it biased. The historian today is left with primary records which are substantiated by such travelogues for a dispassionate view of cross cultural interaction. Thus travelogues do serve as important benchmark documents for historical purpose. This would be evident from recounting of travels through the Middle East during the medieval period in the writings of Benjamin of Tuleda, which tends to support the various historical happenings during the period by sources from both sides of the Islam and Christian divide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Travelers as Benjamin who was a Jew could also benefit from interaction with those of his community who were spread across the region. Since the Jews were relatively unbiased during the period of the Crusades, their observations supplanted the travelers own perception providing further substance to the history of the region. While some may consider it as not the purest form of notation, in denoting cross cultural trends it could be considered more than appropriate and accurate. The excessive focus on the state of the Jews in Benjamin’s writing however to some extent indicates that the view of culture is primarily from an overly Semitic perspective of a Rabbi and authenticity is probably sacrificed but then a deeper reading would overcome this perception. Battuta’s writings span a much large cross cultural area extending from Jerusalem, Damascus, Syria, and East Africa while Marco Polo’s travelogues are also very genuine impressions of cross cultural trends. Each of the chapters he writes covers the various aspects of a particularly community that he has observed be it the cropping pattern, food habits and the monarchical way of governance. Marco very assiduously provides an overview of each facet in great detail. Perceptive Observers Providing Authenticity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intention of the travelers in their journey was multi focal. Thus some such as Benjamin did it for the purpose of seeking opportunities of trade or to find out about the state of personnel of his own community residing in various parts of the Middle East after being persecuted in their native lands. The meticulous recording of ethnographic details in his writing provides very insightful observations on cross cultural trends which highlights the capacity of its originator. Thus we find in Benjamin’s writings the details of how and when the Egyptian monarch travels, what are the proclivities of the people during various periods and the rivalries that existed even in those time between Cairo and Baghdad. It is also relevant to see that a person traveling beyond his immediate geographical and cultural setting would also be keen to obtain fresh insights into the lives of other communities. Thus observations of Marco Polo need to be taken note off with greater acceptance of the fidelity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The meticulous logging of the timings in terms of a virtual daily log provides an excellent record of the period, the state of development, the manner in which communities lived and the state of their culture in vivid details. Ibn Battuta who was overwhelmed by the need to travel and thus sets out from his native place at the tender age of 22 years, is also a very keen observer and thus his recordings attain a high quality of relevance particularly in the cross cultural context. His descriptive writings on Cairo or Alexandria are very perceptive providing an innate understanding of the era. The description of events, the handling of camels, the holding of ceremonies all are very effectively portrayed by the traveler, giving a good understanding of the period. The meticulous recording of customs such as movement of women naked in some societies as in Mali and cannibalism are stark etchings on the history of a cross cultural trend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco Polo again has provided   a wealth of material on cross cultural trends which denotes an excellent eye for detail and power of observation across a large expanse of area from Europe to China, Tibet to India and other areas. The burning of, â€Å"black stones†, is perhaps a recorded intervention by Marco, which indicates the level and depth of his observations. Marco’s observation are supplemented by a comparison between various cultures be it Chinese, Middle Eastern or Central Asian traditions of Bokhara. This provides a deep insight into cultural happenings of the era. Perspective of Modern Day Understanding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today Islam and the West appear to be undergoing a serious crisis, some view it as a clash of civilization matching. There is very limited understanding of each others religions, traditions, culture and ideological basis. This is truly surprising given the proliferation of modern knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the writings of travelers as Benjamin of Tudela who traversed the Middle East in the 12th Century which provides us a deeper understanding of the roots of this civilizational divide thereby enhancing our understanding of happenings in today’s World. Being a Rabbi from Spain, Benjamin was relatively detached to enable a more objective assessment of the conflict which was occurring between Islam and Christianity in the medieval ages. His tour of the principal areas of the Middle East as well as Europe and Asia provided a fresh insight not just into the period but also the cross cultural linkages between these areas over the ages. The peace and prosperity in Egypt described so authentically by Benjamin provide an excellent insight in the functioning of well governed medieval states. The clash between Saladin and the Christians and the moves and counter moves of the period have been very vividly portrayed by Benjamin denoting how Islam was revived between the period of the Second and the Third Crusades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today when we see a similar up rise in Islam which is spearheaded not by the likes of Saladin, but terrorist leaders as Osama Bin Laden, Benjamin’s travels can provide a better counter cultural perspective. A similar understanding of the culture of the Middle East is provided in the writings of Ibn Battuta which can provide us a perspective from an Islamic traveler’s point of view in a different age over three centuries apart and covering some of the same areas. In each of the places that he visits Battuta makes mention of specifics which indicate a keen eye for detail. It is natural that a person with a good view of the details will remain also particular of the accuracy of his writings. Thus enhancing their historical value. The writings provide a cross cultural dimension of the transformation that has take place in these areas over these years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco’s writings on Tibet are another issue which enables us to correlate between the state and relations of Tibet between the modern and the medieval periods. The fascination which the Chinese felt for Tibet even then is evident as Marco observes their repeated forays to gain hold of territory which they see as a great expanse with its many provinces, the customs of the people, their mastiffs and bamboo cropping are thus set to be matching. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it would be seen that the travelogues of Marco Polo, Ibn Batttuta and Benjamin of Tudela are important documents as they provide authentic information of cross cultural interaction, denote cross cultural trends, enhance the perception of cross cultural association between people and prove good sources of authentic and endearing history, thereby providing better modern day understanding and background of medieval religion and cultures as in the Middle East.       References Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa. 2004. The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 1 and 2. E-text prepared by Charles Franks, Robert Connal, John Williams, and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10636/10636-8.txt (VOLUME I). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12410/12410-8.txt (VOLUME II). (20 November 2006) Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Nd. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html (20 November 2006) The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. 1907. Philipp Feldheim, inc The house of the Jewish book. New York. gutenberg.org/files/14981/14981-h/14981-h.htm. (20 November 2006).

How Charles Dickens Depicts Women

How Charles Dickens Depicts Women Dickens and his view towards women- Is it really progress? The Victorian Age is a period of great progress in multiple fields such as industry, trade, literature and so on. The role of women in society also improved considerably and many laws were passed safeguarding their rights during this age. By the fin de sià ¨cle, the concept of a New Woman is born. Charles Dickens is one of the most famous novelists during this era as his novels were read widespread by the general populace. His works always favoured progression of the working class, and the effects of industrial revolution like in Hard Times. But his portrayal of women in his works easily fall under the Victorian stereotypes of women and this aspect does not really portray him as a progressive writer for women. David Holbrook, in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, says when it came to the problems of man-woman relationship, he (Dickens) was seriously hampered, not only by the attitudes of his age but also by his own emotional makeup and psychic pattern (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 7, Pg. 172) To establish this, I will analyse Dickens Great Expectations and attempt character sketches of the women portrayed in that novel. The reason for choosing this specific novel is due to the fact that it was fairly popular during the time of publishing and it has different types of women characters presented in the novel. This novel is also highly controversial as it has two endings because the general populace was not satisfied with the original ending and Dickens had to rewrite it to please his audience. Great Expectations follows the protagonist Pip and it chronicles his life. The novel could be even considered as a bildungsroman. Pip encounters various types of women in society and his interactions and perspective of these women gives a clear idea of Dickens mindset towards these women. The character Pip and Dickens share a lot of similarities- for example, Dickens father was arrested and the theme of prison runs strong in Great Expectations, Pip and Dickens did not have good relationships with women and so on. The women of Great Expectations can be put into categories but these categories are not definite as some characters can be a mix of two or more categories. These categories are as follows: The angels of the house, the eccentric women, and the independent women. The Angel of the house is the idealised stereotype of a Victorian Woman and how she should behave. This idea was popularized by Coventry Patmores poem, The angel of the house where he describes his wife as an angel who takes care of the household. She is someone who is meek and doesnt challenge the authority of the household leader, the man. She is subservient to him and fulfils his wishes with the utmost devotion. She is also someone who upholds moral values such as truth , charity and purity. This is the kind of woman that the Victorian society and many authors preferred. Some would say Dickens himself preferred these kinds of characters and usually, they have a good ending, like the titular character in Little Dorrit. In Great Expectations, the role of the Angel of the house is taken up by Biddy. Biddy is the childhood friend of Pip, the protagonist of Great Expectations who appears to take on the mantle of a kind and nurturing mother. The first description of this character is seen in Chapter 7, when Pip goes to Mr. Wopsles great aunt to study in her evening school. It is here he meets Biddy, who manages the shop which Mr. Wopsles great aunt runs. She was an orphan like myself; like me, too, had been brought up by hand. She was most noticeable, I thought, in respect of her extremities; for, her hair always wanted brushing, her hands always wanted washing, and her shoes always wanted mending and pulling up at heel.(Chapter 7, Pg. 76) From the above description, it is clear that Pip did not have that high of a regard towards Biddy, though they were similar in being brought up by hand. She was just a regular commoner, according to Pip. In Chapter 10, Biddy readily agrees to teach Pip everything she knows. She is also described as the most obliging of girls which is one of the traits of the Angel of the house. When Mrs. Joe gets injured by Orlick, Biddy is brought in to take care of her which instantly helps relieve some stress around the household. Biddy seems to be experienced in taking care of other people, as she has been taking care of Mr. Wopsles great aunt throughout her life. This is also another characteristic of the Angel of the house. By Chapter 17, Pips view of Biddy changes and he sees Biddy as more feminine and pretty, though not on par with the gorgeous Estella. Her shoes came up at the heel, her hair grew bright and neat, her hands were always clean. She was not beautiful she was common, and could not be like Estella but she was pleasant and wholesome and sweet-tempered. (Chapter 17, Pg. 222) Biddy is also intellectually equal or better than Pip as she manages to keep up with him in intellectual pursuits and manage the domestic household chores. In short, whatever I knew, Biddy knew. (Chapter 17, Pg. 222) But she always remains humble and never proud, which is how an ideal Victorian woman would behave. She also serves the role of a confidante and consoler to Pip as he confesses the feelings he had harboured for Estella to her and his wish of becoming a gentleman. Biddy was the wisest of girls, and she tried to reason no more with me. She put her hand, which was a comfortable hand though roughened by work, upon my hands, one after another, and gently took them out of my hair. Then she softly patted my shoulder in a soothing wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chapter 17, Pg. 229-230) When Biddy and Pip get into an argument, she gets accused of being jealous and it is her who apologises. Also in Chapter 35, when Mrs. Joe dies, they get into another argument and in the end she says, let only me be hurt, if I have been ungenerous. This is similar to Amy Dorrits behaviour in Little Dorrit when she gets scolded by her father for not getting along with the gatekeepers son to provide him a more comfortable life. This is also another characteristic which was expected of the Angel of the house, where the woman is subservient to the man and has no right to confront him for his misdeeds or wrongdoings, but rather apologise even if they werent at fault. In chapter 58, Biddy finally gets her happy ending by marrying Joe Gargery, the good Samaritan. She is also the only female character to get a proper happy ending unlike Estella (in the original ending), Ms. Havisham or Mrs. Joe. It is obvious that Dickens favours Biddy and the type of woman she portrays more than the others. She might be unconsciously modelled after Mary Hogarth, his first wife, who according to David Holbrook in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, is worshipped by him (Dickens) as the epitome of ideal womanhood. Throughout his life he seemed to need to idolize this kind of devoted sister figure like Agnes in David Copperfield and Rose Maylie in Oliver Twist angelically beautiful, devoted, inspiring, and the object of pure admiration( Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 7, Pg. 168) Though Biddy is not angelically beautiful, she is angelic in quality and she earns the admiration of the audience and later Pip himself. The other character who also fall under this category is Clara Barley who marries Herbert Pocket after her abusive fathers death and also has a happy ending. The Eccentric women categorises women who do not fall under the stereotypical categories Victorians imposed on women. They are usually portrayed as mysterious, dark, cruel, cold and cunning. They are also beautiful women who take on the role of seductress and tempt the virtuous men into committing adultery or just serve as objects of temptation. They are also associated with criminality- usually portrayed as murderers or in any role which is not morally right. In Great Expectations, there are many eccentric women- the most noteworthy ones are Ms. Havisham and Estella (who will be dealt with later as she falls under two categories). Ms. Havisham is one of the stranger characters Dickens has created and she could be compared to the Wicked Witch of the West. She is first revealed in Chapter 8, when she awaits Pips arrival to be Estellas playmate. Pip is thoroughly spooked by her, as seen in his description of her in her wedding dress and comparing her to a ghastly waxwork and a skeleton . Once, I had been taken to see some ghastly waxwork at the Fair, representing I know not what impossible personage lying in state. Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress, that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could. (Chapter 8, Pg. 100) Her interactions with Pip portray her to be broken and melancholic but scary at the same time. The lingering scent of death and decay surrounded her every move and action and this impacts Pip to such an extent that he hallucinates Ms. Havisham hanging from a beam. I saw a figure hanging there by the neck. A figure all in yellow white, with but one shoe to the feet; and it hung so, that I could see that the faded trimmings of the dress were like earthy paper, and that the face was Miss Havishams, with a movement going over the whole countenance as if she were trying to call to me. (Chapter 8, Pg. 112) Holbrook, in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, compares the hallucination of Pip as representing the death of the female element, in Dickens himself. It shows just how much Dickens has his views on women changed due to his personal experiences with women throughout his life. This is just the kind of nightmare fantasy one might expect a sensitive and imaginative childlike Pip to have. But it also belongs to the overall symbolism of the dramatic poem- and in this it is the image of female element being gone dead: emotions gone dead, sexuality gone dead, and creativity gone dead. So, it is an image characteristic of the Victorian predicament. The hanging figure Pip sees is the death of potentia in Miss Havisham, in himself, and in Dickens himself. (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 137) Pips description of Ms. Havisham during Chapter 11 reiterates the idea that she is the Wicked Witch of the West. In her other hand she had a crutch-headed stick on which she leaned, and she looked like the Witch of the place. (Chapter 11, Pg. 148) Ms. Havishams interactions with her guests seem cold and concise as she walks around the room with Pip and exchanges small talk with them. It is obvious that Ms. Havisham exudes a cold and melancholic aura as she compares herself with the rotten cake, the so-called heap of decay. Ms. Havisham is also shown to be manipulative as she poses as a fake benefactor for Pip to get Sarah Pocket jealous in Chapter 19. When Herbert narrates the story of Ms. Havisham to Pip in Chapter 22, she is shown to be a spoiled child and when she was grown up, a proud and haughty woman who didnt trust or depend on anyone. When she fell in love with Compeyson, she had loved him passionately but when she got jilted, her passion turned to fury and laid wrath upon the house and her life. What the novel doesnt portray or highlight is that her being spoiled and haughty is due to her upbringing and her sadness and hurt at losing her lover whom she had loved so passionately is just glossed upon as just a recovery from a bad illness. Ms. Havishams desire for revenge is highlighted in chapter 29 as she greedily urges Pip to love Estella. Her view on love has been skewered by her jilted lover and now she wishes the same fate upon others just to see them suffer like she did. Ill tell you, said she, in the same hurried passionate whisper, what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving up your whole heart and soul to the smiter as I did!' (Chapter 29, Pg. 425-426) But Ms. Havishams greatest possession and achievement aka Estella turns into a cold-hearted woman who is incapable of loving anyone, including Ms. Havisham herself. Their argument during Chapter 38 shows just how much Estella has become estranged and indifferent to Ms. Havisham and her own pride and joy has turned against her. So proud, so proud! moaned Miss Havisham, pushing away her grey hair with both her hands. Who taught me to be proud? returned Estella. Who praised me when I learnt my lesson? So hard, so hard! moaned Miss Havisham, with her former action. Who taught me to be hard? returned Estella. Who praised me when I learnt my lesson? But to be proud and hard to me! Miss Havisham quite shrieked, as she stretched out her arms. Estella, Estella, Estella, to be proud and hard to me!' (Chapter 38, Pg. 543-544) This shows Ms. Havishams anguish over losing Estella, the only relationship which she actively participated after being jilted by her lover. It is Estella whom she let into her deep and crooked heart and it is through Estella and Pip that she regains some human emotions like regret. In Chapter 44, when Pip confesses to Estella and gets his heart broken, Ms. Havishams reactions are short and abrupt but it showcases her remorse and the sense of guilt at what she has done. She identifies with Pip and realises that Pip is the same as her now- with a broken heart, and it is all because of her. Though her plans succeeded, she does not derive any pleasure or comfort from it. Ms. Havisham is quite a complex character, with many flaws pointed out more than positive points in the novel. Holbrook says, Ms. Havisham has been blighted emotionally just at the moment of sexual flowering, and her bodily life in an ancient bridal gown symbolizes psychic paralysis. (Holbrook, Chapter 5, Pg. 133) and identifies this characteristic of Ms. Havisham to Dickens own fears of loving and related schizoid problems of identity. She is a woman fixated with one goal in mind but realizes that she is harming others just like others had harmed her later in the novel and seeks forgiveness. She does have a moment of realization and though she spent years of her life rotting away in the Satis house, she leads an independent life with the money provided by her father. Ideally, she would not suit the characteristic of an independent woman or the New Woman but she does have the underlying qualities of an independent woman, only if the circumstances were better, she might have developed into one of the strong-willed women who would appear in the later Victorian Age. Before focussing on Estella, other minor characters which fall under this category will be Mrs. Joe Gargery and Molly, Estellas mother. Mrs. Joe is well known for bringing up Pip by hand. She is introduced in detail in Chapter 2 where the first physical feature which is highlighted is her beauty. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister; and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. (Chapter 2, Pg. 11) My sister, Mrs. Joe, with black hair and eyes, had such a prevailing redness of skin that I sometimes used to wonder whether it was possible she washed herself with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap. She was tall and bony, and almost always wore a coarse apron, fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square impregnable bib in front, that was stuck full of pins and needles. (Chapter 2, Pg. 11-12) Mrs. Joe is just like her apron- coarse, impregnable or rather immovable, and was as prickly as those pins and needles stuck on her bib. She is described as a violent woman and she uses the so-called tickler to dish out corporal punishment for Pip. She seems to be the power of the Gargery house rather than Joe himself, as he doesnt stop her from whatever she wants to do or say. All her interactions with Pip usually have a violent undertone- for example, before sending Pip off to Ms. Havishams house, she gives him a good scrubbing which is painful for Pip to say the least. She also meets a violent end when she is attacked by Orlick in chapter 15 and by chapter 16, she has lost her hearing, could hardly see and has become crippled. These are the things which are highlighted in the novel. What is not highlighted is that Mrs. Joe had to take care of the entire household after her parents died, had to live through the deaths of her five brothers and had to take care of a child who is twenty years younger than her. She also had to shoulder the household responsibilities and social interactions with others. These aspects of Mrs. Joe are not shown in the novel and in the end, she is rendered as a crippled woman who is taken care of Biddy. She finally passes away in Chapter 34, and in Chapter 35, she also turns into a ghostly existence which haunts the protagonist Pip as he makes his way to the funeral back to Joes forge and the rest of the novel with the theme of murder and violence. The other character which falls under this eccentric woman category is Molly, the murderess who tries to kill her own daughter. She is a docile and obedient servant of Mr. Jaggers, but she has an infamous past and is the birth-mother of Estella. She is saved from the gallows by Mr. Jaggers and lives with him as a servant. Not much is known about her criminal past and she is wrapped with an air of dangerous mystery. Holbrook describes Molly as, a woman with strong muscles concealed under petiteness and a woman capable of great cruelty and perhaps murder. She is the female annihilating figure Freud called the castrating mother (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 138) Though Molly is not given that much of an importance in the novel, she represents the theme of murder and guilt, which seems to contaminate every character in the novel- including Estella, who is the daughter of a murderess and a convict. Estella is the final entry in the eccentric woman category but she does not confine herself to just this category. Estella is also introduced in chapter 8 and she brings the light into Pips dark life. To stand in the dark in a mysterious passage of an unknown house, bawling Estella to a scornful young lady neither visible nor responsive, and feeling it a dreadful liberty so to roar out her name, was almost as bad as playing to order. But, she answered at last, and her light came along the dark passage like a star. Miss Havisham beckoned her to come close, and took up a jewel from the table, and tried its effect upon her fair young bosom and against her pretty brown hair. (Chapter 8, Pg. 103-104) She is compared with a star or a jewel throughout the novel and these symbolize Estella to be bright, precious and far out of reach. Though she is mean to Pip and shows only contempt and disdain for him, she still manages to entrance Pip with her cold demeanour and her beauty, much like how a seductress traps her victim with her charms. She is perceived to be cold-hearted and cruel, but she does display signs of emotion as seen in the scene where she allows Pip to kiss her cheek. But, she neither asked me where I had been, nor why I had kept her waiting; and there was a bright flush upon her face, as though something had happened to delight her. Instead of going straight to the gate, too, she stepped back into the passage, and beckoned me. Come here! You may kiss me, if you like. I kissed her cheek as she turned it to me. (Chapter 11, Pg. 162) What is interesting to note is that Estella is delighted by an act of violence, even before any thoughts of criminality is being associated with her. This could be foreshadowing or reiterating by Dickens to show Estellas roots- her criminal parents. By chapter 22, Herbert establishes Estellas purpose in life or the reason of her being brought up by Ms. Havisham and that is to break young mens hearts. Also, when Pip returns to the Satis house to see Estella once shes a grown woman in Chapter 29, she pretends she doesnt remember Pip or any of their childhood interactions which deeply hurt Pip. She also points out the spot where Pip had seen the ghost in his childhood. This is a conflicting behaviour of Estella and she probably did it to dig deep into the scars of Pip so that he may remember her more vividly as Pip becomes emotionally hurt when Estella pretends not to remember him. That scene is also important as it brings out more foreshadowing. According to Holbrook, this scene shows the implicit connection to Estella and her roots. The association between Estella and the ghost is ambiguous. In one sense, Pip is sensing her origins: her mother was the unknown murderess who wished to kill her own child. In the background too is her father Magwitch, the criminal, who believes his child to be dead. The shadow is of murder by the woman murderer and of the child by being abandoned (by rejecting the mother and father). (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 138) As Estella grows up, she remains in her role of being the object of desire and she makes other men jealous using Pip. As for Pip himself, she warns him multiple times that shes a cold-hearted person. This could be her manipulating him further or she might genuinely care about him- it is not clear. This ambiguity is attached to Estella till the chapter where Pip confesses his love for her. You ridiculous boy, said Estella, will you never take warning? Or do you kiss my hand in the same spirit in which I once let you kiss my cheek? What spirit was that? said I. I must think a moment. A spirit of contempt for the fawners and plotters. If I say yes, may I kiss the cheek again?' (Chapter 33, Pg. 475) When she rejects Pip, she does so with a cold demeanour. She does not express her emotions, which is how a Victorian woman should be, and it further accentuates how Dickens uses this trope for this scene in an ironic way. Even as a child, Estella possessed more emotion than when she grew up as she became unmoved by everything around her, including others feelings. Furthermore, she tells Pip that shes going to marry Drummle by her own decision, just to probably spite everyone, including Ms. Havisham. Only Pips pleas for her to not marry Drummle brings out a softer reaction in her. This eventually leads to Estella being abused by her husband and depending on the two endings, she either gets remarried and still unhappy or she ends up having a future with the possibility of marrying Pip. These two endings lead to drastically different fates for Estella. Dickens original ending shows Estella reformed by her suffering- shes remarried but she still holds herself in high regard and superiority. In the second ending, she is much more humbled and reformed by her suffering. John Forster, who was Dickens friend, felt the original ending was more consistent with the draft, as well as the natural working out of the tale.[1] George Bernard Shaw says that the novel is too serious a book to be a trivially happy one. Its beginning is unhappy; its middle is unhappy; and the conventional happy ending is an outrage on it.[2] Also, the second ending was constructed only to please the audience who wanted a conventional end to that novel with marriage. The second ending pleases the contemporary critics more as they feel that the two characters have suffered enough to finally get their happy ending. Martin Price argues by saying, Each is a fantasist who has grown into maturity; each is a fantasist that has dwindled into humanity.[3] But Estella also has a positive role, according to Holbrook. He says, she is the start of Pips ambitions and it is true, though it leads him to more pain and suffering than his apprenticed life with Joe and Biddy. But he finally learns his place in life and is content with what he has through this harrowing experience. He says, Yet, with his characteristic and marvellous belief in human creativity and vision, Dickens makes Estella an inspiration for Pip. Although she cannot yet understand, and seems untouched by, the reparative impulse (the caring impulse, which, through its suffering, can cure schizoid alienation), she gives Pips world meaning. She comes along the passages like a star: she is the Stella Maris. (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 140) Estella can also be looked at as a strong independent woman towards the end. She has suffered and in consequence, humbled herself and realises how to love (at least in the second ending). She is no longer a bright shining star whos out of reach but a strong independent woman who has gotten rid of her demons and living life anew. Dickens himself is not against women or empowering women as he was fairly sympathetic towards the idea of property rights, which was the heart of the issue during the 1850s. But that applied only to the working women and not the powerful women like Ms. Havisham. In Great Expectations, Ms. Havishams house is passed on to Estella, who is the adopted daughter, and it is hers to do with as she pleases. This is not the traditional primogeniture practice which is usually practiced during the Victorian Age and it is met with discomfort by Dickens. Deborah Wynne, in Women and Personal Property in the Victorian Novel, says when women do take control of significant amounts of property and its transmission, as Miss Havisham does, the destructive qualities of their legacies are usually emphasized. When forceful women of property, owners of real estate, create for themselves a space which is inaccessible to male control, such as Betsy Trotwood, Mrs. Clennam or Miss Havisham, it is shown to be vulnerable to loss or destruction, as though Dickens half believed what English law presumed: that women had a tendency to be ineffective managers of their own property (Wynne, 2010. Chapter 2, Pg. 58) He favoured the working women and women who were destitute like prisoners and prostitutes. He opened up a home for the fallen women called Urania cottage along with Miss Angela Burdett-Coutts. Jane Rogers, in Dickens and his involvement in Urania Cottage, says Miss Coutts and Dickens planned a Home that would offer a different and more sympathetic approach to the treatment of fallen women. Other organisations such as the Magdelen Society had homes which offered a typically harsh and punishing routine. (Rogers, 2003. Pg. 1) This Urania house was a reformation centre for these fallen women to regain a proper place in the Victorian society, which still oppressed women into traditional roles. According to Jenny Hartley, in Undertexts and Intertexts: The Women of Urania Cottage, Secrets and Little Dorrit, Dickens concerned himself with everything the women of the cottage did, including how they spend their time in the house. It is quite clear that though Dickens was very progressive in his thinking, when it came to women, he was still confined by society and its rules. Coupled with his bad experiences with women in real life, his fictional women characters came to represent what was hidden away in his mind- his fears and regrets and personal insecurities caused by the society and his relationships. By analysing the character sketches of the women of Great Expectations and Dickens personal life, it is clear that Dickens is very conflicted when it comes to the topic of women. He prefers certain kinds of women like Biddy, who are the working class and little angels of the house, and as for the other women, they are subjected to hardships and punishments for their transgressions. Though he didnt make his female characters as independent like Nora Roberts from A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, his characters like Estella or Ms. Havisham still retain some part of being an independent woman, though it is obscured by their eccentricity. So, Dickens, in a sense, is a writer who is inhibited by his personal life which narrows his views on women. Otherwise, he is a progressive writer who acknowledges the social constraints caused by the society. Works Cited: Dickens, C. (1851). Great Expectations. 1st ed. [ebook] Planet PDF. Available at: http://www.planetpublish.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Great_Expectations_NT.pdf [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Hartley, J. (2005). Critical Survey. 1st ed. [ebook] Berghahn Books, pp.63-76. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41556108.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. Holbrook, D. (1993). Charles Dickens and the image of woman. 1st ed. New York: New York University Press. Rogers, J. (2003). Dickens and his involvement in Urania Cottage. [online] Victorianweb.org. Available at: http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/rogers/8.html [Accessed 1 Jan. 2017]. Wynne, D. (2010). Women and personal property in the Victorian novel. 1st ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. (2017). The Ending of Great Expectations. [online] Available at: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/dickens/ending.html [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. [1] All these three quotes are taken from The Ending of Great Expectations [2] [3]