Mba Finance Assignment

The group operates in a highly competitive market. New entrants join the market on regular basis and current competitors continue to improve their standards. The outdoor market had become more attractive to the large retailers that challenges the Group in pricing. Although the Group generated a revenue of ? 267,7 million during the year it has an operating loss of (? 2 million) and loss before tax of (? 14,4 million). Chief Executive Neil Gillis, says the primary objective of the Group is to reduce costs and debt. Over the year by managing supply chain more effectively, the Group reduced debt facility from ? 40 million to ? 35 million. David Bernstein, Chairman, admits that the Group experienced a difficult financial year. On the other hand an improvement in working capital through a ? 5. 9m reduction in the level of inventory was achieved and new processes have been put in place to meet and improve on the level of availability from this lower level of inventory.Cash management had a high level of focus through the year with improvements being made to supplier terms and a greater focus on collecting debts. Outdoor division maintain a sound performance in a tough retail market, reporting a small reduction in operating profit compared to the previous year. Accordingly, the Group strategy is to focus on this strength and to manage a structured exit from the Boardwear business. A great deal of change has occurred over the last year and this will continue with a program of upgrading stores and converting stores from Boardwear to Outdoor.Ratio Interpretations ROTA(Return on total assets): The ROTA ratio measures how effectively the company is utilizing its assets to generate profit before paying its interest and tax obligations. From the ROTA calculation it is observed that the company has made 6. 62% loss for each ? of assets on its financial statements in 2008. In 2009 the company performed even worse in terms of ROTA with – 12. 21% of loss for each ? pound of assets on its books. When we take a deeper look into the calculation we see that the denominator has decreased by 14% which has a positive impact on the ratio.However the numerator therefore the loss of the company has increased by 62% which impacted the ratio negatively. Considering the ROTA ratio and comparing the two years results It can be said that the company is facing problems with utilizing its assets and generating revenues. Profit Margin: Profit margin ratio measures how much profit the company generates before paying interest and tax. The company made a loss of 2. 52% for each ? of sales it made in 2008 and 4. 50 %for each pound of sales made in 2009.Looking at the financials of the company we see that the cost of sales and distribution costs has decreased in 2009 compared to 2008 which positively impact the profitability. However the revenues of the company have decreased in 2009 and this decrease was larger than the total decrease in cost of sales and distribution co sts. Consequently the company made a larger loss for each ? of sales made in 2009. Return on capital employed (ROCE): Return on capital employed measures the efficiency and profitability of a company's capital investments. for each pound invested the company made -7,27 pence's for 2008 and 13,93 pence's for 2009.The decrease in ROCE is majorly due to the decrease in profit before tax. There is only a slight decrease in assets and liabilities from 2008 to 2009 which can off-set each other. Current ratio: Current ratio is a measure of liquidity and is believed to be a good indicator of a company's ability to repay its outstanding loans. The company has ? 1,49 of current assets for each ? 1 of current liabilities in 2008 and ? 1,33 of current assets for each ? 1 of current liabilities in 2009. There is only a slight change between the two years but looking at the books we can say 2008 was more liquid for the company rather 2009. Quick ratio:Quick ratio measures a company's ability to m eet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. The quick ratio is more conservative than the current ratio because it excludes inventory from current assets. Inventory is  excluded  because  some companies have  difficulty turning their  inventory into cash. As we look at our company we see that the company was successful in 2009 in turning inventory in cash but since the assets also decreased from 2008 to 2009 it was better in 2008 than 2009. Stock turnover: Stock turnover ratio indicates the number of times a company's average inventory is sold during an accounting period.It can be said that the company turned its inventory over 2,43 and 2,44 times in 2008 and 2009 respectively. It means the company sells out its inventory in approximately 150 days, which is not very effective. This shows that the company ties money in stocks for a long time therefore it is not available to be used elsewhere. Fixed asset turnover ratio: Fixed asset turnover ratio measures a company's ability to generate net sales from fixed asset investments. A higher one shows the company has been more effective in using the investment in fixed assets to generate revenues.Changes in the ratio over time reflect whether or not the firm is becoming more efficient in the use of its fixed assets.. Even though 2009 ratio is slightly higher than 2008 it does not mean that the company become more efficient because looking at the financials we see that both revenues and fixed assets decreased from 2008 to 2009. Furthermore when we look at the details of fixed assets we saw the decrease is due to the accumulated depreciation. In other words there is not an actual decrease in fixed assets but in revenue there is. Debtors turnover ratio:Debtors turnover ratio measures the days receivables are outstanding from the debtors. Looking at our company we see that the debtors turnover ratio decrease in 2009 compared to 2008. Therefore we can say that the company is collecting its receiva bles in shorter time intervals in 2009. In the ideal case the shorter collection periods indicates the effectiveness of the company. However in our case the company is already making loss and the shorter collection period might be due to the liquidity problems of the company. The company might be applying shorter terms to collect its receivables and pay its debts Debt to equity ratio:Debt to equity ratio is used for researching the capital structure of a company. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. In other words it shows the proportion of the company financed by creditors in comparison to that financed by stockholders. From our computations we can conclude that 80% of the company was financed by investors in 2008 when 20% is financed by creditors. In 2009 only 6% of the company is financed by creditors when 94% is financed by investors. We can say that the firm is willing to fund its operations with its own equity rather than debt.Income gearing: Income gear ratio measures how much of its profits a company is spending on the payment of interest expense. Since the company in our case can’t make any profit it is not meaningful to analyse this ratio. However it can be said that the company can’t pay its with its earnings but with the assets it has in hands. Profit per employee: Profit per employee indicates the average profit generated per person employed. We can see that the company dismissed about four hundred employers during the year 2009 but this did not prevent profit per employee ratio to decline even more.In 2009 the company generated a loss of ? 5 million more than 2008 which could not be covered by the decrease in employees. Sales per employee: Sales per employee ratio compares the pound volume of sales against the total full time employee equivalent of people working in the business. It provides a broad indication of how expensive a company is to run. The sales per employee ratio is rather high for the company. Which means the company operates on lower overhead costs which translates into healthy profits. On the other hand looking at two years we can say that the company was more effective in 2008 than 2009.Even the company employed more people in 2008 than 2009 the revenues were also higher. Dividend per share (DPS): Dividend per share is the amount of the dividend that the shareholders will receive for each share they own. Dividends are a form of profit distribution to shareholder thus looking at the financials it can be said that it can be optimistic to expect a growth since the dividend per share is in a declining trend from 2008 to 2009. Earnings per share (EPS): Earnings per share mean the portion of profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. It serves as an indicator of profitability as well.In our case the EPS is in a negative trend. We see a large decrease from 2008 to 2009 about 20 pence's. This shows the company is not making money. In our case this is a going concern. The company should find ways to make money because money losing business will eventually go bankrupt. Dividend cover: Dividend cover measures the ability of a company to maintain the level of dividend paid out. Since the dividend cover is -3,6 and -34,8 for 2008 and 2009 respectively it means the company's loss attributable to shareholders is 3,6 times the amount of dividend paid out for 2008 and 34,8 times the amount of dividend paid out for 2009.The reason the dividend cover declining that much from 2008 to 2009 is due to the decrease in both dividends and earnings per share. Dividends have decreased 75% (from 4 to 1) while the earnings have decreased by more than 100% (from 14,4 to 34,8). Price Earnings ratio: Price earnings ratio shows how much investors in market is willing to pay for company's earnings. We can see that there is an increase in P/E ratio from -12,3 to-1,2 in 2009. Even though the earnings per share decreased so did the marke t price of the stocks. I believe we would not be wrong saying investors are more optimistic about the future of the stock in 2009 than 2008.Dividend yield: Dividend yield is the ratio that measures how much a company pays out in dividends relative to the market price of the share of the company. This ratio is important for the investors considering investing in the shares of the company. Observing the shares of the two companies with equal share price, an investor will invest in the company with the higher dividend yield. In our case dividend yield for Blacks Leisure Group increased in from 2. 22 % to 2. 38 % in 2009 which will have a positive impact on the investment considerations of investors.However the company has made losses in the last two financial years the increase is mainly due the decrease in market price of the shares of the company. This situation will possibly negatively affect the perceptions of the investors about the company. ROE: Return on equity measures the prof itability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. The company earned -7,2 pence's for each pound invested by the stockholders in 2008 and -21 pence's for each pound invested in 2009. Both the decrease in net income and equity resulted in a %14 decrease in return on equity.Conclusion As we look at our calculations, the company's financials and the auditor's report we can see that the Group ability to continue is a going concern. The Group and Lloyds Banking Group are engaged in discussions regarding provision of a financial structure which will enable the Group to accelerate both the exit of the loss-making Boardwear business and the development of the Outdoor store portfolio. However the Directors are well aware that the loan facility will not be extended beyond August 2009 and that there is a risk that the going concern may not be resolved satisfactorily.

Essay Football vs Rugby

Ricardo Pardey ID 596397911 Second Essay February 15, 2013 Football Vs. Rugby When I was a senior in high school, I played on my school’s rugby team. It was really excite and funny while I played almost all weekend even though it is not popular in Colombia. But then when I came to the United States, it catch my attention that everybody likes and watches Football and it made me contrast these two aggressive sports Rugby and Football. These two sports are almost the same, for example the object of both games is score points by carrying the ball beyond the possessive touchline and the ball has a prolonged spheroid shape.Even though they are similar in some aspects, the first big difference is related with the source. Rugby proceeds from England and Football from the USA. Because of their foundation, many small differences have been created that show the importance of the characteristics of the society and their impact on sports. First started with Football, this sport was created in the United State, which impacted the characteristics of the game. The major league of this sport is called the National Football League (NFL), and the major tournament is the Super Bowl.The rules of the game are; the game is formed by four 15-minute quarters with a half-time intermission, which shows that in the American mindset, it is better a lot of short times than a few very long halves. The field must had 120 yards long by 53. 3 yards wide, based on the measuring system used there. The ball is a prolonged spheroid, which is about 11 inches long and 22 inches in circumference and it, weight around 0. 875 lbs, to make the balloon aerodynamic so that it can travel longs distances. Each competitor must use helmets and padding during the game.The name of the things change, for example when you made a goal in Rugby it is called Try and in Football, touch down. Showing that the team can make unlimited substitution in each game but always having 11 players on the field, showing tha t in America the people believe that when anything stop working a hundred percent, it must be replaced by new ones One of the huge differences between Rugby and Football is that the number of substitutions that can be done by the coach in each game thanks to English cultural influence is 7.The other high-contact sport is Rugby, which was created in England. The major Tournament is the World Cup (Rugby Union) and the most known League is the Super 15; but there are a lot of leagues all over the world, among them are Aviva Prem, top 14, and in an international level NSW suburb rugby; Showing that the people play this sport all over the world not like Football, which is played only in a part of North America. The rules of this sport state that the ball must have the international 5 size, that means 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference with a weigh around 1lb.The fields have 120 meters long by 70 meters wide according to the metric system. On the field there must be situated only 15 pl ayers. They play two halves of 40 minutes with a ten-minute half time. The additional difference is the size of the player, as they don’t use helmets or any other equipment except a mouth guard. They have wider backs, being the thinnest player just 81kg and the heaviest 201. 7kg. The name of a goal is Trying and after made a point one player kicks the ball between the goal posts to win more points.After seeing the specific characteristic of both sport and the reason why they have these differences, to summarize, Rugby and American Football are two sports with intense physical aggression and the same goal: carrying the ball beyond the opponents touch line and kicking the ball between the goal post after they make the point. Even though they are parallel in some aspects; there are differences based on the source, such as the size of the ball, the field and the players, the length of the game and the number of substitutions permitted per team.In my personal experience, the place where the sport is created has a huge relation with the characteristics of the game. Because for example as football was created in the US the people over there like it because it is according to their characteristics; however, in the opposite side if a sport was created in a different country and the people want to play it, they will face some things can be consider whether not loved and strange, since recreation with Rugby in Colombia is not popular.

Current event article and synopsis about obama care

Current event and synopsis about obama care - Article Example White House spokesman Jay Carney downplayed the CBO report, arguing that â€Å"CBO does not take into account positive impacts on worker productivity due to the ACAs role in improving workers health, including reduced absenteeism.† But there is no worker as unproductive or as absent as the one who works less on purpose because a small increase in pay could suddenly deprive him or her of a large Obamacare subsidy. One White House adviser tried to defend this as creating new â€Å"options† for workers, but this is an ad hoc defense, forced on Obama as an unintended and unwelcome consequence of his health care law. Obamacares disincentive to work directly contradicts Obamas consistent philosophy of work - something he began articulating as long as a decade ago and which he has restated as recently as last weeks State of the Union address. Obamas philosophy is an orthodox liberal one, but it starts with premises most conservatives would embrace. In his 2006 memoir The Audacity of Hope, he extolled the virtues of â€Å"self-reliance," "self-improvement," "drive," "discipline," "temperance," "hard work," "thrift" and "personal responsibility.† Then he added the punch line: â€Å"The legitimacy of our government and our economy depend on the degree to which these values are rewarded.† In a passage that specifically criticizes the perverse incentives of the welfare state, Obama wrote that â€Å"Americans believe in work — not just as a means of supporting themselves but as a means of giving their lives purpose and direction, order and dignity †¦ Americans also believe that if we work full-time, we should be able to support ourselves and our kids. For many people on the bottom rungs of the economy — mainly low-skilled workers in the rapidly growing service sector — this basic promise isn’t being fulfilled.† In short, Obama appeals to the work ethic as something government and all employers have a societal obligation to reward. This echoes in the argument

What Is Morality DB Unit 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What Is Morality DB Unit 5 - Assignment Example It is a concept in which logical reasoning and evaluation is given preference over the ethical concepts. David must acknowledge that no rules have been violated since the president is his boss’s ex-sister-in-law, and hence, he does not need to inform the company about the discovery. No 3. It is a fact that a person ceases to have any legal relation with his or her in-laws after divorce. However, it would have been better to bring this into Sanders knowledge since it would definitely have impressed him, cautioned him in advance, and proven David’s efficiency and honesty towards the job and company. No 4. In this situation, by not informing the authorities David has not disrupted the company’s policy regarding ethical requirements. Hence, there will be no negative remittances whatsoever that he will be facing. Instead, it is likely that by enlightening the authorities about this aspect and further informing about the legalities involved might prove beneficial for him professionally. Fernando, A. C. (2009). Business ethics: An Indian perspective. (p. 9). Pearson Education India. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=UNKQtwaszhYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0 Reily, N. P., Sirgy, M. J., & Gorman, A. (2012). Work and quality of life: Ethical practices in organizations. (p. 478). Springer. Retrieved from

Nutrition and obesity in the united states versus nutrition in other Research Paper

Nutrition and obesity in the united states versus nutrition in other developed countries - Research Paper Example A person whose weight is at least 20 percent higher than the upper limit of the healthy range is considered to be obese. The effect of obesity is that it puts one at risk of many health problems and diseases. This is according to Medical News Today. Obesity makes one susceptible to diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, respiratory issues, and stroke. It is estimated that on average, an obese person will live 8 to 10 years less than a non-obese person. In addition, a high rate of obesity in a country’s population significantly increases its health care costs. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity in the developed countries such as the United States has significantly increased. Statistics in the United States show one in every three people is medically obese. According to a book published in September 2010 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD), obesity rates in the U.S. rank among the highest in the world. Another research conducted byMedical News Today in the year 2010 shows that 28 percent of all U.S. residents are medically classified to be obese. European Union member countries with obesity rates between 20 percent and 27 percent include Australia at Irelandand Luxembourg (Kumar, 19).The same data also shows that the European Union membercountry with the lowest overall obesity rates was Sweden at 10 percent. The average obesityrate was recorded to be at 16 percent. Research done by the World health Organization shows that the worldwide prevalence of obesity nearly doubled between the year 1980 and 2008. The country estimates for the year 2008 showed that over 50% of both men and women in the European Region were overweight. The percentage of men and women who were overweight were 23% and 20% in both men and women respectively. Based on the latest estimates in European Union countries, overweight problems in adults affects 30-70% while the percentage of adult

Ethical hacking Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical hacking - Coursework Example This note will self-destruct after you have read it. Or you could delete the note yourself ? Coursework Please complete this first section Your name Your Name Preferred email address Your working email address Lab Day Your Lab Day Lab Time Your Lab Time Please leave the remaining entries blank on this page, especially the red and yellow ones. They are the marking scheme for the coursework and as such must not be changed. The following marks cover most exercises. The marks will be averaged across your work, so that if you have some good and some bad labs they will balance out to an 'average' mark. Mark Specific Comments on individual lab exercises Description of Exercises [8 – 10] Excellent [5 – 7] Good but incomplete [3 – 4] Lack of clarity or content [1 – 2] Very Poor [0] No description /10 Method/Structure [41 - 50] Ideal content/structure [31 - 40] Very good content/structure [21 – 30] Good content/lacking some clarity or structure [11 – 2 0] Adequate/lacking content [0 – 10] Misleading/incorrect methods or structure /50 Activity and Results [19 - 20] Excellent [16 - 18] Covered well [10 - 15] Good, missing some elements [0 – 9] Very poor or missing most elements /20 Reflection [16 – 20] Excellent including related thoughts/ideas [11 – 15] Good, many areas covered [5 – 10] Relates only to lab outcomes with lack of personal insight [1 -4] Lack of depth of reflection / limited content [0] No reflection /20 Total /100 Lab Description Lab 2 - Essential TCP/IP tools Description of exercise Date lab undertaken: 15th October 2008 Operating System: Windows XP (state service pack) Exercise Description: [Describe the lab activity here. You should consider adding more than just my brief description.] Upon completion of this lab students will be familiar with a number of useful TCP/IP related tools and how to use said tools for diagnosing TCP/IP related problems. Method In this Lab we were intro duced to the tools used to identify where problems may be occurring on the network. The lab consisted of several activities that included the use of the following utilities: CMD to enable a command line window, IPCONFIG to check and change the status of network adapters, and finally PING to identify if the machine was able to verify connections between hosts. Lab setup The PCs in ASG21 were connected to the Internet and there was no specific configuration required. Activity Finding out what you IP settings are Tasks Detail of activity 1 Use cmd to open a command line window 2 Use ipconfig /all to identify the network adapter settings 3 Record the settings returned from ipconfig /all Activity Results Tasks Result. Give reason if result is FAIL. 1 PASS Successfully open a command line window using cmd 2 PASS Successfully used ipconfig /all to show the network adapter settings. 3 Details can be seen in the screenshot below Activity Setting the IP Address on your computer Tasks Detail o f activity 1 - 7 Use windows control panel to investigate and change the IP address from being dynamic to static. 1. Open control panel. 2. Select network connections 3. Select required connection. 4. Select the properties. 5. Select TCP/IP settings 6. Assign a manual IP address and apply it. 7. Once the address has been assigned, run IPCONFIG /ALL in a command line window to check that it has been changed.

How to deal with an angry customer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to deal with an angry customer - Essay Example Tell the customer that there are solutions and the company can resolve any problems they are having. There needs to be a statement such as finding the root of the problem and looking toward potential solutions. For instance, if a customer has a broken item, they can come back to the store and replace it or can receive a refund. If it is a service, such as a programming problem with the computer, then using resources the company has to fix the problem, such as troubleshooting, can also be used. (Leadership Tools, 1). After the customer has left, a follow through should be approached. A call or note to make sure the problem is resolved should always be looked into. If it isn’t resolved, find another company solution to provide assistance. If everything is resolved, there should be another follow through to make sure everything is correct while asking the customer if they are satisfied with the solution and service that has been offered (Business Opportunities, 1). Business Opportunities. â€Å"How to Deal with Angry Customers.† Business Opportunities and Ideas. Retrieved from: http://www.businessopportunitiesandideas.com/388/how-to-deal-with-angry-customers,

Robin Hood Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robin Hood Case - Assignment Example This ensures that Robin is always can always plan ahead of the Sheriff and each of the Sheriff’s moves will be reactionary. Robin Hood’s key problem is that of infinite resources within Sherwood Forest as a result of change of route by the more wealthy travellers. Following what currently is in place is not sustainable as the lack of resources including insufficient rations will continue to bite and the group will eventually disintegrate. The two characters need a new plan which will uplift their current situation and ensure that they remain true to their pursuit of justice ideals. Applying a uniform tax to all travellers as suggested by Robin Hood will work to ensure that the group loses its key support base of the farmers and the poor. Robin’s last proposition seems to make much more sense in light of the current situation. What is logical is to partner with the rich barons who have the ability and resources to sustain the Merrymen and in exchange, Robin takes up the political course to free King Richard. This is definitely a bad idea as the exercise will now target Robin’s key support base of the poor and the farmers. This is a common pitfall for even established organizations who after sometime start to take for granted their key customers. A similar scenario is replicated when Robin opts to attack his main stay of political support – the poor travellers and famers. The pros of accepting this offer includes the fact that Robin will now have more resources for the welfare of the Merrymen. Another pro emerges in the coalition that will be formed as a result of this cooperation. A working relationship between Robin and the Barons will isolate the Sheriff and Prince John. The cons include the possible loss of focus as now Robin will be forced to concentrate on two concurrent causes, one against the Sheriff and the other directed towards liberating King Richard. Association with the

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay Example for Free

Codon bias in E. Coli Essay The nature of the gene codon varies among organisms. Codon preferences have been considered on the perspectives of translational efficiency and fidelity and the selective and non selective biases operating during DNA transcription replication and repair processes. Variations in tRNA on codon bias of highly expressed genes during rapid growth phase of E. coli exist. Codon selectivity is influenced by codon/anticodon interaction strength, site specific codon biases, time of replication, codon context, or evolutional age. Codon preferences among gene classes in E. coli are grouped according to the following comparisons; correlation of codon biases with level of gene expression, organisation of genome according to genome partitions based on size, codons use for genes characterized by function and cellular localization of gene products, gene size, comparisons that divide all genes by similarity of codon usage or amino acid usage or similarity of a reduced set of amino acid or codons and characterization of alien genes. The Codon Adaptation Index (CIA) is a qualitative measure for assessing codon bias. Ribosomal protein (RP) genes and membrane genes are genes that are highly expressed during fast growth and CIA and codon bias (CB) values are inversely correlated with respect to RP genes. Most ribosomal proteins are highly expressed during the E. coli exponential growth phase during which most genes facilitating translation are highly expressed. Codon preferences differ among highly expressed genes relative to the average gene for certain amino acid types, especially disparities for alanine, aspartine, histidine, isoleucine, phenealanine, threonine and valine. There is a high correlation between optimal codons and level of gene expression. In relation to E. coli genes, codon biases generally increase with increasing protein molecular weight abundance. Codon usage differences generally decrease with respect to protein molecular abundance when compared to RP. Negative correlation in the degree of protein molar abundance relative to tRN genes or other sub classes of the translation functional category is not evident. The molar abundance and codon usage differences unequivocally correlate negatively with the RP gene family and positively with the average E. coli gene respectively. The E. coli genome is homogeneous with relatively weak codon biases among the genes distributed over the genome. Codon bias does not depend on timing in the replication cycle except near the ter region. The deviation in codon usage from RP and tRN genes is most emphatic at ter region. Relative codon usage bias among 5’ middle and 3’ parts of genes in E.coli show that the middle and the last third of genes are more similar in codon usage than either is to the initial third of the gene. There also exists a difference in the frequencies of 3 G+C near the oriC than near the ter region. Different bacterial genomes display variation in their overall G and C content, attributed to varying mutational mechanisms and processes. For eukaryotic genomes site 3 G+C frequencies decrease with increasing gene length. Alien genes are characterized in terms of extreme codon bias relative to average E.coli genes and high relative to RPs. These genes are of unknown function and are either GC rich or AT rich. Extremes in codon bias are for identifying pathogenicity islands and developing gene classes reflecting difference expression levels in untypical events. When the genome is divided into contigs, gene classes and dicodon bias is most pronounced between the gene classes of the region about the oriC versus the ter region. Dicodon bias increases with gene size and compared to the average gene dicodon biases are constant throughout the genome. When genes are divided into thirds, the dicodon biases of the 5’ third, middle third . 3’ third parts of genes are similar though level of bias is about twice that of straight codon bias. Codon and dicodon bias correlations for E. coli genes were evaluated for level of expression, contrast along genes, size of contigs around genome and gene size classes. Explanations for codon bias have involved combinations of selection and mutational pressures. The RPs and amminoacyl tRNA synthetases are highly expressed gene classes during exponential growth of E.coli. Codon biases for RP genes are much more extreme than for tRN genes. The greater the abundance a gene product, the more its codon usage resembles hat of RPs, but this is not the case for comparisons to tRN genes or protein genes essential to translational activities. For gene classes RP and tRN, the source of codon bias differs significantly. RP are among the most deviant from the average E. coli gene. It is suggested that codon usage and tRNA abundance are correlated for highly expressed genes to match substrate levels with cellular demands. Hence RP genes which are small single domain proteins show high codon usage correlation with overall E. coli codon usage and tRNA do not show this bias although they are highly expressed. The middle and final 3? end of genes entail the same levels of codon biases. The rare codon hypothesis for domains and secondary structures argues that the use of repetitive rare codons might reduce translational rate and induce translation pauses allowing protein domains and suitable secondary structures to fold into native structural conformation. There are differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational mechanisms. These differences may be important in translation initiation or early stages of translation. Highly biased slowly translated codon pairs are more closely correlated with levels of expression than with protein length. Understanding basis of codon usage is of interest with respect to fundamental evolutionary questions, gene prediction, gene classification and design of optimal expression vectors. Codon usage programs are essential for gene finding and analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

Euthanasia vs Palliative Sedation Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia vs Palliative Sedation Essay In this paper the author will discuss the difference between euthanasia, physician assisted suicide, and palliative sedation. The author will discuss the legal and ethical side of palliative sedation. Palliative sedation is where they use education to induce or decrease awareness of ones intractable suffering at the end of life (Olsen, Swetz, Mueller, 2010, p. 949). They use this type of sedation when other most common forms of pain control does not relieve the pain the patient is feeling. Not only is it used to treat pain but it is also used to treat delirium, pain, dyspnea, nausea or other physical symptoms (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 950). In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina reviewers concluded that physicians choice of benzodiazepines instead of barbiturates indicated a goal of palliative rather than euthanasia, stating that barbiturates were more deadly. Some institutions used ketamine or propoful in patients condition is refractory to opioids and midazolam. Opiates should not be used for primary purpose of sedation, but rather should be continued adjunctively during palliative sedation for analgesic purpose to prevent opiate withdrawal (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 950). Usually palliative sedation is given in a form of continuous drip but there has been times when palliative sedation has been given intermittently. Palliative sedation should be given in the areas of general care or hospice settings, ICU settings can be too hectic and uncomfortable for families. Cardiac monitoring is no good in achieving the goals of palliative sedation (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 951). Before palliative care is given written consent should be obtained by the patient or the patients family. In the state f Arizona the Arizona State Board of Nursing has develop an advisory opinion of the scope of practice of what palliative sedation is. it states that it is in the scope of practice for the register nurse to administer medications that provide palliative sedation at the end of life (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1). Arizona State board of Nursing defined palliative sedation as follows: The monitored use of medications intended to provide relief of refractory symptoms but not to intentionally hasten death (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1). What is a refractory symptom? It is one that cannot be adequately controlled in a tolerable time frame despite aggressive use of usual therapies and seems unlikely to be adequately controlled by further invasive or noninvasive therapies without excessive or intolerable acute or chronic side effects or complications (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. ). In Arizonas advisory opinion they rote general requirements that must be followed and they are listed below: * Written Policy and Procedure is maintained by the employer. * Administration of medications must be on the order of a person licensed in this state to prescribe such medications. * The patent has to have sufficient level of nursing care to maintained sedation. * The agency has identified medications allowed for palliative sedation, preferably y an interdisciplinary committee including nurses. * Pre-sedation symptom assessment is performed by the RN Post-sedation symptom assessment and ongoing assessments performed by the RN (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1) * Only an RN with all of the following criteria are permitted to administer medications for palliative sedation. * Current certification in basic Life Support ( BLS). * The RN must possess sufficient knowledge about the issues surrounding the use of palliative sedation to inform patients, families, and other health care providers in making decisions about its use. (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1). Palliative sedation is also referred to as terminal sedation. The role of the oncology nurse is to be able to administer the medications used n palliative sedation, be able to teach the patient and family what palliative sedation is and its purpose(Lawson, 2011). She has to be able to assess the patients signs and symptoms to know if the palliative sedation is working . One must understand the role of palliative sedation and its role in management of the patients symptoms in providing care of patients with advanced cancer at the end of life(Lawson, 2011). Euthanasia is defined as the act of a third party, usually physician, ending a patients life in response to severe pain or suffering. Euthanasia can be voluntary meaning that the physician has obtained the patients informed consent, on it can be involuntary meaning without the knowledge of consent of the patient (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 953). Voluntary euthanasia is not legal in most parts of the world but the Netherlands and Belgium are currently the only countries who allow the practice (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 954). Involuntary euthanasia is not legal anywhere. Physician-assisted suicide is the act of the physician writing a prescription for a lethal dose of medication that the patient takes himself to cause death. The main difference here is that the patient has to take the medication himself no other person can give it to him (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 955). Physician assisted suicide is legal in the states of Oregon and Washington and in a handful of other countries (Olsen et al. , 2010). It can only be done when a patient has a terminal diagnosis and is suffering and wants to control when and how they die. If a physician or family member or a friend would give this legal dose of medicine it would not be considered physician assisted suicide but euthanasia. In considering the legal ramifications of palliative sedation we will discuss beneficence, non malfeasance, doctrine of double effect, and the principle of proportionality. Beneficence refers to the practice of treating individuals in an ethical manor. Not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their wellbeing(Olsen et al. , 2010). The moral obligation of beneficence is paramount to ethics since actions are weighed for their possible good against the cost of possible Harm. Beneficence provides benefits to the patient and balances the benefits against risk and cost(Olsen et al. , 2010). Any treatment embarked upon should be with the intent to benefit and burden or discomfort o the treatment (Lawson, 2011). If the treatment will not benefit the patient it would be sound clinical judgment to withhold the treatment or even withdrawal the treatment after the discussion with the patient, family members and other members of the care team. Such decision-making would be considered both legal and ethically acceptable (Berghs, Dierckx, Gastmans, 2013).

Selfish Love Vs Selfless Love English Literature Essay

Selfish Love Vs Selfless Love English Literature Essay Thomas Hardys fifty-seven chapter pastoral novel, Far From the Madding Crowd, endeavors to catalog love identifying all of its varied forms in hopes of distinguishing between selfish and selfless love. Using rhapsodic prose, elevated diction, and a succinct writing style, Hardy beautifully identifies distinct models of love to which he ultimately leaves to the audience to assess and label. The most assiduous and perceptive reader might even juxtapose Platos theories on love, written about two thousand years prior, and Hardys pastoral opus together to find several overlapping models. Hardy depicts three disparately dissimilar suitors, Gabriel Oak, Farmer William Boldwood, and Sergeant Francis Troy, in pursuit of one comely dame, Bathsheba Everdene. Through his masterful use of diction, prose, and style, Hardy concisely portrays Bathshebas varying suitors and their traits, sequentially identifying several of loves deviating patterns and ultimately enlightening the readers on loves to m ain forms. Farmer Boldwoods character marks the introduction of the second division. Boldwood possessed a selfish affection for Bathsheba, obsessing himself with only her beauty and elegance. He exhibited his love in outwardly expressing his jealousy, often making impossible demands of Bathsheba. I feel that I do, said Bathsheba; that is, if you demand it. But I am a changed woman-an unhappy woman-and not-not (347). This exchange between Bathsheba and Boldwood demonstrates how despite her obvious discontentment with her situation, he ignores her and continues to press her in order to achieve his desired goals. He does not want to tame her, rather own her beauty, brandishing it as a trophy for all to see. Paradoxically, Hardys portrait of Boldwood foreshadowed the outcome of his love for Bathsheba: The phases of Boldwoods life were ordinary enough, but his was not an ordinary natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.If an emotion possessed him at all, it ruled him; a feeling not mastering him was entirely latent. Stagnant or rapid, it was never slow. He was always hit mortally, or he was missed (118). Boldwoods obsessive love, synonymous with Platos mania or smothering love, supplemented by his originally deranged nature subsequently consumed him (Thomassie 8). Plato distinguishes, and Hardy affirms, Boldwoods love as being trademark of Fatal Attraction love', a possessive, dependent, [and] jealous love (Thomassie 8). Hardys depiction of Boldwoods mania towards Bathsheba directly contrasts Gabriels agape. Likewise, Sergeant Troys love of and marriage with Bathsheba was selfish in nature. Troy never loved Bathsheba. He tricked her into marriage, wanting to be with her only because she was beautiful and because he could. Similar to Boldwood, Troy wanted to brandish her as a prize, a token of a true womanizer. During their marriage, Troy was often insensitive and shallowly indifferent towards Bathsheba, frequently spewing harsh words at her:   Ah! dont taunt me, madam. This woman is more to me, dead as she is, than ever you were, or are, or can be. If Satan had not tempted me with that face of yours, and those cursed coquetries, I should have married her. I never had another thought until you came in my way. Would to God that I had; but it is all too late! I deserve to live in torment for this! (281). Hardy dyes Troy in dishonest colors directly contrasting him with the righteous Gabriel. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Troys deformities lay deep down from a womans vision, whilst his embellishments were upon the very surface; thus contrasting with homely Oak, whose defects were patent to the blindest, and whose virtues were as metals in a mine (180). Furthermore, Platos flirtatious, teasing love ludis abridges Hardys portrayal of Troys selfish love (Thomassie 6). Ludis, a fleeting type of quick romance, epitomizes Troys ideas of love and romance, which he believes to end with marriage. Troys portrait of ludis joins Boldwoods negative mania and together they clash with Oaks agape. The novels conflicting theme of selfless love versus selfish love is epitomized in Hardys portraits of Bathshebas suitors. Gabriels agape reflect his sincere love and desire to please Bathsheba. Boldwoods mania mirrors his greedy desires of having a comely dame at his right hand. Troys ludis symbolizes his game-like perception of love and romance affirming his status as a womanizer. Ultimately, these portraits serve as Hardys conjectures on love, highlighting that Hardy believes in the success of a selfless love guided by fate.

Greek Gods Essay -- essays research papers

Greek Gods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome to my report on Greek gods and myths. You will learn about the gods and what they did. It is also about the myths and legends of Greece. greek gods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gods of Greece are alike many other types of gods. They were pictured a lot like human men and women. The Greeks didn't worship any animals. The gods, like people were endowed with many weaknesses. The gods could be jealous, envious, spiteful, and petty. The gods were held to be immortal, but they had a beginning. The rites of many gods came from Egypt. Most of the gods lived on Mt. Olympus. the first gods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first gods were the Titans. They were before all the other gods. The Titans were the brothers Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Cronus. Also the sisters Thea, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosye, Phobe, and Tethys. the gods   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus was the strongest of all the gods. He ruled the weather by himself, and the universe with 11 other gods. Zeus was the spiritual father of the gods. He was usually armed with a thunderbolt He was also called Thunder. Hera was the wife of Zeus. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was also the queen of heaven . Poseidon was Zeus' somewhat unruly brother. He was god of the sea, of earthquakes, streams, and horses. Hesta was the sister of Zeus. She was the goddess of the household. Ares was one of Zeus' sons. He was the god of war. He loved ...

Comparing Crime and Punishment and Taxi Driver :: comparison compare contrast essays

Crime and Punishment and Taxi Driver He is a man whose psychological workings are dark, twisted, horrifying, and lonely. He is an absurd, anti-hero who is absolutely repulsed by his surroundings, and because he is unable to remove himself from them, he feels justified in removing other people. This profile fits Travis, portrayed by Robert DeNiro in Scorsese's film "Taxi Driver,", and Raskolnikov, the main character of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Their revulsion for life leads both men to commit cold-blooded murders, but the story lines contain major differences. By contrasting these differences and comparing the common themes of the classic and the film, we may come to a clearer understanding of the purpose of both stories. The root of both Travis' and Raskolnikov's problems is their complete and utter disgust with the world around them. Travis is a New York City cab driver who drives everywhere and picks up anyone. It doesn't matter to him if the customer is a prostitute who uses his backseat as her workplace. He just drives around with a glazed look of indifference in his eyes, while inside, his heart is overflowing with rage. In contrast, Raskolnikov is an ex-student living in St. Petersburg during the mid 1800's. He is extremely poor, and therefore lives in an area called the Haymarket, where all the whorehouses and bars were located. Every time he goes out, he walks past the dregs of society, which fills his heart with hatred for everyone and everything. Both characters see the world to be completely evil and devoid of all goodness, and this existential view drives them to become exactly what they so desperately hate. Their revolt against ugliness pulls both characters towards the most ugly of all deeds - murder. Travis dreams that "someday a real rain will come and wipe this scum off the streets." He feels some sort of divine calling to actually become this "real rain." Similarly, Raskolnikov plots to sacrifice one "louse of a human being" who is "no good to anyone" for the benefit of thousands. Out of this scheme he derives his Extraordinary/ Superman theory that states that humans are divided into the ordinary and the extraordinary, the men and the supermen.

Teaching and learning of Addition and subtraction

This assignment will look into the patterned advance in the instruction and acquisition of add-on and minus from baby's room to twelvemonth 4 sing the â€Å" understanding diagram † , theoretical accounts for add-on and minus, oral/mental and written methods, resources used, larning facts and the utilizing and applying/problem work outing method. One manner that kids learn about add-on is through practical experience. In mundane life people are adding by uniting two or more sets of objects. The same can be said for minus. Children learn that by taking a peculiar figure of objects from a group it ever leaves the same figure of objects eg. 4-1 is ever 3. This is the manner kids foremost learn about add-on and minus. For many kids, they begin to understand the construct of adding when learn figure vocals in their early instruction. It is really of import to supply kids with good practical experiences in order to assist them larn. It is besides critical to pattern the right linguistic communication so the kids themselves are able to get it. This gives them a good foundation as they move farther through the instruction system. Whilst kids are in a Nursery scene or a Reception category they will be following the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) papers. Within this papers there are 6 countries of acquisition. The country of larning concentrating on the development of mathematical accomplishments is called Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Within that country there are specific countries sing add-on and minus. Once kids enter Year 1 they will be following the National Curriculum. Although this is the statutory papers instructors frequently use the Primary National Strategies papers to be after and present lessons. This papers breaks down the aims of the National Curriculum to offer a more focused attack to learning and acquisition.Early Old agesThe instruction of add-on and minus in a baby's room scene is based on mundane state of affairss and practical activities. Counting vocals is a common manner of reenforcing Numberss and presenting simple add-on and minus. For illustration, five small ducks. This is a good illustration of a manner that simple add-on and minus is introduced and reinforced in a nursery scene. The kids shortly learn that 5 take off 1 is 4, that 4 take off 1 is 3 etc and that 0 add 5 is 5. The right linguistic communication can be modelled so the kids learn what linguistic communication to utilize when they do activities for themselves. Games are besides a good manner of presenting or reenforcing add-on and minus. Some games are non needfully made for add-on and minus but it can be encouraged. When inquiring the kids to compare the sum of Numberss each of them has, by inquiring the kids inquiries, ‘How many more do you hold? ‘ , ‘How many less do you hold? ‘ . The kids will be working with little Numberss and will shortly be able to state how many less they have merely by hearing the two Numberss alternatively of holding to number them. Simple boundaries within the schoolroom are another manner of promoting the usage of add-on and m inus. Where merely a certain sum of kids are allowed in each country at a clip and the kids have to maintain path of how many there should be, how many less or how many more? The foundation phase introductory battalion offers thoughts for activities for the different countries of larning set out in the EYFS. When looking at add-on and minus in a Nursery puting the papers offers activities for comparing two groups of objects, demoing that when you split a group of four the sum is the same and happening the entire figure of objects in two groups. Each of these activities uses physical objects in order to show the mathematical regulation. They use resources such as the figure line, plastic coins and serpents. For immature kids in peculiar good resources are indispensable in order to prosecute the kids and efficaciously learn them about add-on and minus. In the response papers activities for looking at presenting jobs such as ‘how many will at that place be when one more†¦ .. ? ‘ , promoting the kids to state the figure that is one more than a given figure and giving chances for kids to happen one more or less than a figure up to 10s are offered. Again, merely as in the baby's room, each of these activities involves physical experiences and the activities are games to learn and reenforce the mathematical regulations for these facets of add-on and minus. Although the chief papers for Nursery scenes and Reception is the EYFS the Primary Framework wants to promote the facet of utilizing and using mathematics. The utilizing and using mathematics strand has five subjects with patterned advance being built into each subject from the foundation phase right up to twelvemonth 6. The three subdivisions of ‘using and using ‘ in the National Curriculum programmes of survey are straight related. Within the foundation phase, within the work outing jobs subdivision it states that kids will be utilizing their developing mathematical thoughts and methods so they can to work out practical jobs. Therefore, any jobs they are given related to add-on and minus they will be able to work out given their anterior cognition.Year 1- Year 4From Year 1 to twelvemonth 4 it becomes more in deepness and references add-on and minus specifically. For Year 1 kids they will be work outing jobs affecting ‘counting, adding, deducting, duplicating or ha lving in the context of Numberss, steps or money ‘ , for illustration to ‘pay ‘ and ‘give alteration ‘ . This means that a batch of the concrete experiences they have will be based around stores in their function play country in order to give the kids a more existent experience of numbering money and holding to make add-on or minus within those scenarios. Year two is much the same merely with the add-on of holding to multiply and split in the contexts of ‘numbers, steps or lbs and pence ‘ . Year three is a little measure up from this with the kids holding to take which computations to utilize and to transport them out themselves. Therefore they must make up one's mind whether it is right to add, deduct, split or multiply. Year 4 is non excessively different merely they will be larning how to utilize reckoner methods where appropriate. When kids have to work out jobs or they are asked to follow a ‘line of question ‘ , they will be demoing their thoughts, utilizing Numberss, symbols or diagrams. They will besides be involved in concluding and foretelling and pass oning those consequences, either orally or in authorship. The ‘understanding diagram ‘ put frontward by Haylock and Cockburn, shows the different facets of mathematical acquisition that are needed in order for a kid to be competent and confident in this country. One of the major parts of the diagram is concrete experiences. The instructor needs to finish undertakings themselves and utilize a scope of resources in their instruction. By making such activities it enables the kids to better retrieve what they have been taught as they are able to associate it to a physical memory. It besides allows the kids and the instructor to prosecute in duologue more easy. During these activities it is besides of import for the instructor to mode the linguistic communication they want the kids to take on and to utilize the right symbols themselves to promote the kids to make the same. Written and oral/mental methods for add-on and minus are another two of import facets of mathematical development. Oral and mental work in mathematics is indispensable. Early practical, unwritten and mental work, that is carried out in the foundation phases, is the footing for supplying kids with a good apprehension of how the four operations build on numeration attacks and a secure cognition of topographic point value and figure facts. Subsequently on their instruction kids must be able to recognize how these map s relate to each other and how the regulations can be used and applied. Oral and mental work is non merely something to be used in the beginning of instruction but must be continued to supply pattern and consolidation of these thoughts. Children must be given the chance to use the information they have learned and to do the correct determinations for themselves. To be able to cipher mentally needs an apprehension of figure forms and relationships that are developed through inquiring, the usage of theoretical accounts and images and the application of acquired figure cognition and accomp lishments. Children must hold the ability to remember figure facts immediately in order to cipher mentally. In twelvemonth 2 this would be ‘all add-on and minus facts for each figure to at least 10 ‘ . For twelvemonth 3 it would be ‘sums and differences of multiples of 10 ‘ and for twelvemonth 4, ‘the generation facts up to 10Ãâ€"10 ‘ . There must besides be an ability to utilize taught schemes in order to work out the computation. For illustration, in twelvemonth 1, to be able to ‘recognise that add-on can be done in any order and utilize this to add mentally a one-digit figure or a multiple of 10 to a one-digit or two-digit figure ‘ . To be able to ‘partition two-digit Numberss in different ways including into multiples of 10 and 1 and add the 10s and 1s individually and so recombine them ‘ in twelvemonth 2. In twelvemonth 5, to be able to ‘apply mental methods in particular instances ‘ . Finally the ability to ‘understand how the regulations and Torahs of arithmetic are used and applied ‘ . For illustration, ‘to add or subtract mentally combinations of one-digit and two-digit Numberss ‘ in twelvemonth 3 and to ‘calculate mentally with whole Numberss and decimals ‘ in twelvemonth 6. The written methods for add-on come in 4 phases and the purpose is that kids are able to utilize the mental methods where they can but when they ca n't make computations in their caput. They can utilize an efficient written method accurately and with assurance. Children need to cognize at least one efficient written method for add-on that they feel confident utilizing if they ca n't make the computation in their caput. The undermentioned phases show how the kids are able to construct up to utilize an efficient written method for add-on of whole Numberss by the terminal of twelvemonth 4. In order for the kids to add successfully they need to cognize some basic accomplishments which are ; ‘to recall all add-on braces to 9+9 and regards in 10 ‘ , ‘to add mentally a series of one-digit Numberss ‘ , ‘to add multiples of 10 or of 100 utilizing the related add-on fact ‘and ‘their cognition of topographic point value and to partition two-digit and three-digit Numberss into multiples of 100, 10 and 1 ‘ in different ways. Stage one of the written methods involve the usage of the empty figure line. Children need to be able to divide Numberss in different ways instead than ever into 10s and 1s to assist them do multiples of 10 by adding in stairss. The empty figure line is a manner of assisting them to enter their stairss when ciphering the sum. Phase 2 involves partitioning so that mental methods can be recorded. The 10s and 1s are added to organize partial amounts and those partial amounts are added together. The 3rd phase is the expanded method in columns where the kids move on to a layout that shows the add-on of the 10s and the 1s individually. As kids become more confident they can get down by adding the 1s instead than the 10s. This method leads kids to the more tight method so that they understand its construction and efficiency. The 4th and concluding phase is the column method. In this method, there is even less entering to make. The carried figures are noted below the line, either in 10s or in 100s and non in 1s. This can be made more ambitious. The kids can travel on to add three two-digit Numberss, two three-digit Numberss and Numberss of different sums of figures. The written methods for minus come in three phases. The purpose is the same as for the written methods of add-on and once more the phases show how the kids are able to construct up an efficient minuss of whole Numberss by the terminal of twelvemonth 4. In order to be able to deduct successfully the kids need to be able to ‘recall all add-on and minus facts to twenty ‘ , ‘subtract multiples of 10 utilizing the related minus fact and their cognition of topographic point value ‘ and ‘partition two-digit and three-digit Numberss into multiples of one hundred, ten and one ‘ in different ways. Phase one, merely as in add-on involves the usage of the empty figure line, which helps the kids to record and subsequently explicate the stairss they haven taken in their mental minus. After the kids have practiced this method for a piece they wo n't necessitate to enter as much information. They will necessitate to make up one's mind whether to number back or up. It is utile to inquire the kids if numbering up or back is better for certain computations. The mental method of numbering up from smaller to larger Numberss can be recorded by figure lines or in perpendicular columns. The kids will necessitate to be able to, when covering with two-digit Numberss, to cipher the replies mentally. With three-digit Numberss the Numberss of stairss can be reduced, provided that kids are able to work out replies to computations mentally. The numbering up method is a good option for those kids whose advancement is slow. Phase 2 involves partitioning. Subtraction can either be recorded utilizing partitioning to compose tantamount computations that can be carried out mentally. The 3rd and concluding phase is the expanded layout taking to the column method. Partitioning the Numberss into 10s and 1s and composing one under the other mirrors the column method. This does non straight link to mental methods of numbering back or up but parallels the breakdown method for add-on. This besides relies on secure mental accomplishments.DecisionChildren construct on their anterior cognition to come on with their mathematical accomplishments. They all start with practical experiences and changeless exposure to add-on and minus. All kids need to develop sound mental accomplishments in order to develop their written accomplishments. They have to larn the basic regulations for add-on and minus to come on with the written methods.

Discussion Boards Hsa 520

Has 505 The major online computer services such as Health Grades, America Online Inc. , and WebMD provide health news and medical and health forums where users can access medical libraries, exchange messages, and discuss health problems. In what ways might the growing use of these services by consumers affect future strategies for: Family practitioners? HMOs? Technology refers to the innovations or inventions from applied science and research. According to the book, adult use of the Internet as a health information source has increased dramatically. A lot of people use the Internet to find out different diseases and illness. From a family practitioner perspective use of the Internet could be a god thing. Most people find their health care providers from the Internet and also find out about health care issues. The Internet sites allow patients to gain knowledge about what is going on with their health and help solve questions they might have. Health care coverage through the use of an HMO costs less than comparable traditional health insurance, with a trade-off of limitations on the range of treatments available. HMO might view the internet site as an advantage because that’s where majority of people to research information and this could better help HMO reach out to the general population. They can get information from potential health care seekers based off the information they are providing on the sites, it could also help them use advertise strategies to put information out there to people. Internet sites have their advantages and their disadvantages but it seems there are more advantages than not. A primary care medical group has a list of patients who had once used the group on a regular basis as their primary source of care. However, in scanning their records, these patients had not been in for an appointment in the past two (2) years. The senior partner wants to send them an informational flyer about the practice and a refrigerator magnet that has the group’s telephone number and after-hours service number. As the marketing director for the practice, evaluate this approach in light of the HIPAA regulations. Is it acceptable to implement this marketing plan under the current regulations? Explain your answer. HIPPA is used to facilitate health insurance portability, protect patient security and privacy of information, and further reduce health care fraud and abuse. HIPPA requires all health care providers to have patient consent for access to their medical records or information. According to the book, data will need to be aggregated so that medical information cannot be attached to names and addresses of individual patients. Patient identifiable information cannot be use of marketing items. Under the current regulations there are some marketing strategies that can take place but it cannot have any patient information if it is not related to treatment or payment of their care. If the organization does not have the consent of the individuals to use their information that I don’t think that it would be acceptable. Has 520 Discuss the factors that should be considered when developing a consistent IM / IT strategy. Explain your rationale. Information systems should support the strategic goals, and objectives, and priorities of the organization they serve. The factors that should be considered when developing a consistent IM/IT strategy are: 1. Aligning IM/IT with organizational strategy: This is important because there is a need for interrelationships among IM/IT, the rest of the organization and the external environment. 2. Developing IM/IT infrastructure, architecture, and policies: This plan should identify the major types of information required to support strategic objectives and establish priorities for installation for computer applications. 3. Setting IM/IT project priorities, and overseeing investments: The organization needs to be aware of the investments and where their money is going and for what projects it is going to. They have to set boundaries and have set priorities. 4. Using IM/IT benefits assessment to enhance accountability: Accountability is very important to any organization. Knowing what they have and what they are missing is very vital. Analyze the various approaches to reviewing software and hardware standards and make at least three recommendations for improvement. Provide specific examples to support your response. Three recommendations for the various approaches to reviewing software and hardware standards are: 1. Data compatibility-use of common codes and data definitions for electronic information exchange across an organization. Its important that any organization make sure the soft ware and hardware is compatible to the systems they are trying to use. 2. Central review ensures that hardware and software will ne of a type that can receive technical support and maintenance from the information system staff. . Central review can help prevent illegal use of unlicensed software within the organization. Integration discusses the advantages and disadvantages of end-user computing and determines if this is an application that should be progressively pursued. Explain your rationale. End-user computing offers the potential to expand the base of IM/IT development and overcome issues that arise when a low priority is assigned to certain applications that are nevertheless viewed as important to units within the organization. Some of the advantages of end user computing are overcoming shortages of professionals, establishment of user friendly and responsive systems, and overcoming implementation problems. Some other advantages are the systems tailored to users, enables creative use of IS, generates competitive advantage, overcomes backlog by providing systems that IS could not get round to doing, puts users nearer the information, allows for variety, Increases user awareness of IS, and Relieves work load of IT professional. The disadvantages are that they produce inappropriate systems, causes duplication, takes users away from their real job, ignores long range and technical issues, courts disaster due to lack of attention to procedures, and causes integration problems. From the e-Activity, discuss what additional challenges exist with systems integration between / among health care organizations and possible solutions to those challenges.

Comparison Of Methods Of Research Education Essay

In this chapter the writer attempts to discourse the research methods required in the context of survey and besides warrant its usage and restrictions. This survey was undertaken to analyze the impact of mega-events and the promotional schemes undertaken to shift a finish ‘s touristry industry. While carry oning this research it was indispensable that a methodological analysis be chosen to outdo suit the survey. Harmonizing to Howard and Sharp ( 1996 ) , the pick of research methods is considered to be an built-in portion of any research undertaking, which greatly influences the consequences obtained. Since the purpose of the thesis is to show the importance of mega-events and the demand to be after for these events, more self-generated and flexible attack was required to develop the apprehension of Sydney ‘s image in the touristry industry. Second, the informations had to be gathered from different beginnings, both primary and secondary, to to the full understand the phenomenon. Finally, the writer besides attempts to offer practical value and thoughts which could be utile in this issue. Based on these considerations, the research was conducted utilizing qualitative research design. Qualitative research allows the topics being studied to give much ‘richer ‘ replies to inquiries put to them by the research worker, and may give valuable penetrations which might hold been missed by any other method. It besides provides valuable information to certain research inquiries in its ain right. Robson et al. , in 1992 stated qualitative research to be ‘A wide-ranging trade embracing many different attacks, and can run from big, time-consuming Government/Social research contracts to pre-testing of consumer advertisement ‘ ( Chisnall, 2001, P195 ) . Harmonizing to Chisnall, the kernel of qualitative research is that it diagnostic ; it seeks to detect what may account for certain sorts of behaviors like trade name trueness. Qualitative research normally has no measurings or statistics but uses words, descriptions and quotation marks to research significance. Qualitative methods aim to do sense of, or construe, phenomena in footings of the significances people bring to them Qualitative research may specify preliminary inquiries which can so be addressed in quantitative surveies ( Greenhalgh & A ; Taylor, 1997 ) One of the cardinal differences between qualitative and quantitative research is that qualitative research attempts to generalise comparatively simple information by executing statistical analyses, whereas qualitative research attempts to larn about a complex phenomenon by seeking penetration. In simple words quantitative research replies ‘how many ‘ of a inquiry whereas qualitative research replies ‘why ‘ of a inquiry. Quantitative research begins with an thought ( hypothesis ) , which is converted into informations through measurings and this at the terminal helps the research worker to pull decisions. Qualitative research, in contrast, begins with an purpose to research a peculiar country, collects â€Å" informations † ( observations and interviews ) , and generates thoughts. The strength of the quantitative attack lies in its dependability ( repeatability ) -that is, the same measurings should give the same consequences clip after clip. The strengt h of qualitative research lies in cogency ( intimacy to the truth ) -that is, good qualitative research, utilizing a choice of informations aggregation methods, truly should touch the nucleus of what is traveling on instead than merely planing the surface ( Greenhalgh & A ; Taylor, 1997 ) . Of the assorted methods of qualitative research, instance survey was found to the best suitable attack for this thesis. In most of the researches undertaken, if the research involves ‘how and why inquiries, they are more explanatory and likely to take to the usage of instance surveies. This is because instance survey trades with the operational links necessitating to be traced over clip, instead than mere frequences or incidences. For illustration, if one wanted to analyze how a community successfully thwarted a proposed main road ( lupo et Al, 1971, cited by Yin, 1994 ) , it is less likely to trust on a study or scrutiny of the records and might be better off making a instance survey. Harmonizing to Yin ( 1994, P13 ) : A Case Study is an empirical enquiry that investigates a modern-day phenomenon within its real-life context, particularly when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are non clearly apparent. Harmonizing to Schramm ( 1971 ) , the kernel of a instance survey, the cardinal inclination among all types of instances survey, is that it tries to light a determination or a set of determinations: why they were taken, how they were implemented, and with what consequences ( cited in Yin,1994, P12 ) . Harmonizing to Stake ( 1994, P236 ) , a instance survey is non a methodological pick, but a pick of object to be studied. As a signifier of research, instance survey is defined by the involvement in single instances and non by the methods of enquiry used. For the writer to accomplish the purpose of this thesis, a instance survey attack was utilized. this was achieved by making a instance survey on the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The ground behind taking the Sydney 2000 Games in peculiar is due to the congratulations Australia received from the universe ‘s touristry and featuring leaders for its attack to maximizing the touristry chances presented with Sydney ‘s theatrical production of the 2000 Olympic Games. The president of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , Juan Antonio Samaranch, said the Olympic games had helped get the better of perceptual experiences that Australia was excessively far off for a vacation. It provided a sporting and cultural phase for all of the continents and boosted touristry in Australia. The type of instance survey used was explanatory instance survey as bing theory was used in order for the research to understand the planning and schemes used by Sydney for the games to advance it as a finish .Restrictions of the Case Study ApproachCase surveies can be both descriptive and explanatory and are therefore considered a good attack for transporting out qualitative research. However, there are besides a few restrictions of the method attached to its usage. Yin ( 1994 ) states that instance survey ‘s findings can be generalised to theoretical propositions but non to recite frequences. Thus it is difficult to do general reappraisal from one instance survey. Yin provinces â€Å" possibly the greatest concern about the usage of instances is the deficiency of cogency of the instance study research † ( Yin, 1994, P10 ) . There ever remains a hazard of excessively much informations being gathered which may non be of existent relevancy to the survey. Case survey informations is time-consuming to roll up, and even more time-consuming to analyze. Hence, there is a reluctance to fund such a research if undertaken on a big graduated table. A Yet cutting corners on either of t hese aspects is likely to earnestly weaken the value and credibleness of any findings produced. As yin ( 1994 ) pointed out instance surveies most frequently do non impart themselves to numerical representation. Hence the in deciding grounds and colored findings may act upon the waies of the findings and the decisions. Looking at both the strengths and failings of the instance survey method, and to obtain a clear apprehension of the instance, the writer besides collected informations utilizing primary research informations aggregation methods. This was done to obtain balanced descriptive and explanatory information for the research supported by grounds of informations collected through primary research.Primary ResearchPrimary research is research used to roll up informations for a specific undertaking. Primary research involves really traveling out to the field and carry oning some type of study or fact finding probe among the existent people. Primary informations are normally gathered by the research worker via studies, experiments or observation methods. However, interviews and questionnaires are most popular and normally used methods of primary informations aggregation. The information therefore collected may be qualitative ( in the signifier of words ) or quantitative ( in the signifier of figu re ) . Primary research was used in this undertaking to place the cardinal schemes of Sydney 2000 Games and the impact of these schemes on Australia ‘s touristry. Primary research was one of the most hard facets of this thesis. To roll up primary informations, the research worker used questionnaire technique to finish this thesis. The research worker explains below the different option techniques that were considered to roll up informations before zeroing down on the questionnaire technique.InterviewsVeal ( 2006 ) is of the sentiment that interviews are likely the lone manner of obtaining a realistic image of the manner people view the topic of research. Howard and Sharp ( 1993, P139 ) suggest that most scientists would see the interview as supplying higher quality information that is free from bias than many other methods available to them. Types of interviews range from a to the full formal structured interview to an informal unstructured interview and semi-structured interviews. Structured interview A to the full structured interview is when the research worker has drafted a elaborate questionnaire. The inquiries are asked as per their order for every interview so as to follow a common form and guarantee that all the subjects have been covered. This method is like utilizing a questionnaire but by being face-to-face with the interviewee and there is besides a range of some personal interaction. However, due to a stiff construction and the form of inquiry that the interviewer follows, the interviewee has less range to set forth extra information. Unstructured interview An unstructured interview is based on a more flexible and adaptable attack. In simple words it is a little more than a conversation. In this method the research worker refrains from seeking to construction the interview. The interview keeps the conversation unfastened in order to derive more information. This method besides follows a fixed lineation but is non driven by prepared inquiries. There is a range for interview to spread out the issues or supply information of related issues as there is no limitation on the type of information provided. Semi-structure Interview This type of interview provides a balance between the other two signifiers of interview. It is basically conducted with the interviewee possessing and following a list of inquiries but at the same clip gives the interviewee the chance to show positions freely. A major advantage of this type of interview is its adaptability. Veal ( 2006 ) suggests that the usage of a checklist is more practical than to the full elaborate inquiries as the latter can disrupt the flow of interviewThere is a possibility that the interviewee might touch upon an of import and untapped facet of the researched issue and may alter the class of research in order to look into them. Bryman ( 2001, P313 ) suggests, â€Å" qualitative semi-structured questioning tends to be flexible, reacting to the way in which interviewees take the interview and possibly seting the accent in the research as a consequence of important issues that emerge in the class of interviews. † Interviews may be conducted face-to-face, via telephone or mail questionnaires. The method in which the interviews can be conducted depends on assorted factors like budget and clip. The research worker was in England to make the research between December and May, but the interviewees were from Sydney. Thus, sing the clip and budget restraint, the research worker used e-mail questionnaires as a method of carry oning the research. the research worker contacted the respondents via mail saying the intent of thesis and the method that will be followed to roll up informations. After a positive answer from the respondents, a questionnaire was prepared and was e-mailed to the research workers. Over a period of 5months from January 2010 to may 2010 assorted e-mail were exchanged back and Forth to roll up as much information as possible. The respondents were besides happy to give entree to assorted studies and paperss sing the subject researched. The type of inquiries that were usages were non-directive and unfastened to let more latitude for response, generalized and probed to do the respondents experience more comfy to talk freely. Questionnaires Questionnaires are a popular agencies of roll uping informations. They are utile when the research is to be undertaken on a big graduated table. They can be easy posted e-mailed and faxed and hence, have a broad geographic coverage. They are peculiarly utile when the respondents are willing to supply information but want to keep their namelessness at the same clip. Unlike other research methods, the respondent is non interrupted by the research instrument. Questionnaires reduceA interviewer biasA because there is unvarying inquiry presentation ( Jahoda, et al. , 1962 ) However, it may be hard to obtain a good response rate as frequently there is no strong motive for the respondents to react. It could be a delayed and a boring method when the research worker has to wait for the responses to be returned. One of the chief drawbacks of this method is that there is no control over who completes the questionnaire. Furthermore, respondent can read all inquiries beforehand and so make up one 's mind whether to finish or non. For illustration, possibly because it is excessively long, excessively complex, uninteresting, or excessively personal. They do non give the respondents the freedom to set forth their positions and sentiments on the subject researched. Hence, it is hazardous and non wholly fruitful to utilize this method on its ain for informations aggregation. Recording Recording is a technique in which the research worker uses a tape recording equipment to enter the informations to be gathered. One of the of import things to retrieve in this method is that recording equipments can be used by the research worker merely if the interviewee/respondents agree to its usage. Gillham ( 2000 ) justifies the usage of tape-recorder as a method strongly recommended if the interviewee agrees. This helps the research to maintain a word by word history of the information the interviewee provides so as non to lose out any of import information. although it is said that the interviewee might experience uncomfortable with the usage of tape recording equipment, taping the interview aids the hearing procedure and provides an indifferent record of responses. Harmonizing to Gill and Johnson ( 1991 ) , in contrast to observe pickings, after a few proceedingss of taping, respondents become unaware of the recording equipment. However, one of the most of import grounds for the research non following this technique is due to the boring, time-consuming and dearly-won techniques of transcripiting the information recorded. Furthermore, Some people are really self-aware in forepart of cameras or audio recording equipments. Recording the session may make a barrier between you and them, and do them less blunt than they would otherwise be. Sampling Roll uping informations is clip devouring and expensive, even for comparatively little sums of informations. Hence, it is extremely improbable that a complete population will be investigated. Because of the clip and cost elements the sum of informations you collect will be limited it is really of import to take a little sample to roll up the information from. Harmonizing to Fink ( 1995, P1 ) ‘the best sample is representative, or a theoretical account, of the population ‘ . A right taken sample of an appropriate size will give consequences that can be applied to the population as a whole. Due to the characteristic and nature of this research, the writer chose to concentrate on the sentiments of the people who were in any manner involved with the 2000 Games. These were people in cardinal places from the Australian Tourism Commission, Tourism New South Wales and the Sydney Olympic Park Authority. The respondents were encouraged to talk as much, or every bit small as they wi shed bout the issue. One individual from the Australian Tourism Commission, two from Tourism NSW and one from the SOPA were interviewed. Besides in order to derive penetration on the research subject from an academic point of view, a A professor in the school of leisure, athletics and touristry at the University of Technology was besides interviewed. The research worker is of the sentiment that the respondents have provided the thesis with sufficient qualitative information to pull decision and the signifier recommendations. Not merely did the respondents respond to the inquiries e-mailed to them but they were really accessible and flexible in their attack and provided the research worker with a figure of of import paperss and studies which proved to be truly of import for the research. As the subject that the writer has undertaken to research is an event which has occurred in the yesteryear, there is already huge and utile stuff available through assorted beginnings like, journal articles, newspapers, media and cyberspace which can turn out every bit of import to the thesis. At this phase the usage of primary research methods is limited and the research had to utilize assorted beginnings of informations. This is called secondary research.Restrictions of primary researchPrimary research is considered to be one of the most widespread and effectual ways of garnering reliable informations. However, there are a figure of possible jobs and restrictions to utilizing primary research as a exclusive method of informations aggregation. The most of import job faced by the research worker was of clip money and distance. the research worker was based in Sheffield during the clip of this thesis and the respondents were from Sydney, hence, the research worker found it really expensive to really go to Sydney to carry on the interviews in individual and had to therefore usage alternate methods. Furthermore, clip restraint was another job the research worker faced. The research worker besides had troubles in contacting and acquiring the right people for garnering the information from. Sometimes it was non possible to speak to the right people and this created troubles in making a program for informations aggregation. And in conclusion, the research worker ain deficiency of experience in be aftering the research and the inquiries as good. If the inquiries did non cover all the of import issues, if they were non good phrased or if the research did non win to obtain the right replies and relevant informations, so the research would non supply qualitative informations and the research worker would hold to get down the whole procedure once more from abrasion. In malice of all these jobs, the research worker managed to garner the relevant information required. The contacts were obtained from an extended hunt and the respondents were besides really helpful and accessible and provided with a huge sum of informations to the research which proved really utile for the thesis.Secondary ResearchSecondary research occurs when a undertaking requires a drumhead or aggregation of bing informations. As opposed to primary research informations, secondary research informations already exist. in simple words, Secondary research is where you use information that other people have gathered through primary research. Normally, secondary research is used in order to place what earlier research workers have done and it besides helps to supply countries of possible probe which would be interesting and valuable. It helps to place possible spreads or logical extensions between old and bing work. . Sometimes secondary research is required in the preliminary phases of research to find what is known already and what new informations are required, or to organize research design. Harmonizing to HHHHHH Howard and crisp ( 1996 ) , secondary research means to seek for information that is given by other research workers and published in some signifier that is already accessible. The secondary beginnings could include old research studies, newspaper, magazine and journal content, and authorities and NGO statistics. In order to acquire a elaborate apprehension of the research issue information was gathered from newspaper articles, diaries and books which were available at the Sheffield Hallam university library. Besides on-line diary articles, intelligence web sites and computing machine database was besides used to garner information. The bing literature enabled the research worker to place any repeating issues or subjects. The books and diary articles, in peculiar, helped the research worker to make a background for theoretical cognition.MediaEvents like the Olympic games are a universe phenomenon and are therefore captured by the universe media. These events attract a batch of promotion from the imperativeness. For this ground, newspapers, magazines and telecasting were of great significance to the research, non merely because they provided with tonss of up -to-date information but besides because they contained interviews, and articles with different attacks on the research topic. These interviews provided information on how the games were perceived by the locals, the promotional schemes adopted.Books and DiariesBooks and diaries in general are considered to be a good beginning of information in any research. They are utile in peculiar to organize the theoretical background of the research. The diaries contain documents written by pervious research worker on the researched subject. They form a background for research and are besides utile in taking any irrelevant points or issues in the bing research worker and frailty versa. In this research besides, the research worker has made extended usage of book and diaries in every phase and chapter of the thesis. It helped the research worker to acquire a good apprehension of the subject. These were readily accessible at the Sheffield Hallam university library.Computer Data Base ( Internet )H armonizing to Howard and Sharp ( 1996 ) , computing machine database is a beginning of considerable importance. There are a figure ofA hunt enginesA that can be utile in seeking the cyberspace, The cyberspace has the advantage that it is easy to entree, it has tonss of information, and it is sometimes the most up-to-date beginning of information.A Databases for merchandises and services are available online. These databases like EMRALD are maintained by dedicated international organic structures and are besides developed straight by universities and other research establishments. The subject of this thesis is an event which occurred in the yesteryear ; hence, the electronic database was of huge aid for this thesis in peculiar. The research worker used Emerald and Google Scholar to entree online articles and documents of trade diaries. Handiness to the information was reasonably easy. However, due to the huge sum of relevant and irrelevant informations available online it was necessary to be critical of the cogency of any information available online.Restrictions of secondary researchIn malice of the easy handiness and the sum of informations available through these secondary resources, there are some restrictions to this signifier of research as good. The most of import is the inquiry on the quality and relevancy of the available informations. Data available through these resources is of the work and researches done in yesteryear and might non be up-to-date information. There are besides several contrasting informations available online which make it more har d for the research worker to critically analyze the information and rely n his inherent aptitudes with respects to the usage of this information. This can sometimes take to irrelevant information being included in the research and the research might besides lose its path. Many times a research worker finds that research that appears assuring is in fact a â€Å" teaser † released by the research provider. This frequently occurs when a little part of a survey is disclosed, frequently for free, but the full study, which is frequently expensive, is needed to derive the full value of the survey. Keeping all these facets in head, the research worker has tried her best to utilize the most recent publications and articles from books, diaries and magazines in order to cover all the facets of the subject researched. The research worker tried to look for the most up-to-date information available.Datas AnalysisSum uping and analyzing the information was one of the most hard parts of the thesis. Harmonizing to Veal ( 2006 ) the research worker is faced with practical jobs of how to pull off the pile on interview notes and transcripts. There are many different types of qualitative informations analysis methods. The type of analysis used depends on the information collected, the purpose of research and the clip and fundss available. For the informations to be analysed, it must be put in simple words which can be easy analyzed. This might be in the signifier of transcripts from the interview, notes and replies from the open-ended questionnaires and the journals and diaries maintained b y the research worker. When multiple instance surveies are used to roll up the information and where the research worker has to happen and analyze recurrent subjects in each survey the research worker can utilize thematic analysis. However, where the focal point is on secondary stuff in general and media analysis in peculiar, content analysis method is used. Contented analysis is a technique that has applications in touristry research ( Finn et al, 2000, P135 ) . It is a technique that is applied to non-statistical informations and allows analysing it in a systematic manner. A Using this method the research worker surveies the transcripts in item and assigns codifications ( figure or words ) , to specific characters within the text.. The research worker may already hold a list of classs or she may read through each transcript and allow the classs emerge from the information. This type of analysis can be used for open-ended inquiries which have been added to questionnaires in big quantitative studies, there fore enabling the research worker to quantify the replies. This is farther supported by Finn, who states that content analysis is a quantitative agencies of analysing qualitative informations ( Finn et al. , 2000, P134 ) .DecisionThe chapter has discussed the informations aggregation procedure and methods used by the research worker to garner information. In order to garner the most relevant and appropriate information, the research worker has made usage of both primary and secondary methods of research. This has helped the research worker to cover all the of import facet and to derive both practical and theoretical cognition. The research was completed in a period of four months. The following chapter take a expression at the consequences and analysis of the information gathered.

Different Research strategies you can use in your Dissertation

Different Research strategies you can use in your Dissertation Different Research strategies you can use in your Dissertation One of the key problems you need to address early on when writing your dissertation is that of the best strategy to use to conduct your researchThat is, how will you go about answering the research questions you want to investigate Defining your research strategy means deciding whether you want to do primary research or confine yourself to the existing literature. You can get help deciding whether a primary or secondary study is best for you from one of our helpful guides. Research strategy for secondary studies is fairly straightforward, although you do have to look at your search methods and define key words and so on. However, defining different research strategies you can use in your dissertation to conduct primary studies is slightly more involved. This guide will help you understand the basics by looking at some of the most common research strategies.Case StudiesCase studies are a type of descriptive research looking at individuals, a small group of people or a unit (an organ isation for example). Data is collected by observation, participation and a range of other methods including examining existing records, interviews and tests Case studies may include participants own accounts Conclusions are relevant primarily to the people or unit studied, they are not as appropriate if you want to generalise to a much wider population Case studies tend not to look at cause and effect, rather they focus upon exploring and describing A typical case study looks at the way a number of variables interact in order to fully understand a given situation Case studies are usually used for qualitative research Case studies are useful for ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions, where context is important, and where the researcher has little control over events.SurveysSurvey research is frequently used in social science research. Surveys are also used in commercial settings, primarily market research. Surveys often gather quantitative data, but can also gather qua litative information through open-ended questions Surveys are carried out on a sample of respondents from a selected population through the administration of a questionnaire. The questionnaire can be done online, face-to-face or over the telephone. Surveys are very flexible and can be used to collect different types of data from small or large numbers of people Surveys can also be useful across a wide range of disciplines from business to anthropology The data collected in surveys needs to be analysed to produce useful results. Quantitative data (numbers) is typically analysed using statistical software like SPSS. Qualitative data can be analysed by a number of techniques including coding and thematic analysis.InterviewsAn interview is a discussion with one or more people. The matters raised are recorded (video-taped, audio-recorded or written down) and subsequently analysed Interviews are very flexible. They can be highly structured and formalised, with all the possible options det ermined in advance (a quantitative survey administered face-to-face would be an interview of this type) or unstructured and relaxed. Interviews are usually divided into three groups, depending upon the degree to which they are structured: structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are based on a pre-determined set of questions and allow little-to-no scope for deviation from the structure. Unstructured interviews start with a few broad questions or areas for discussion, and the interviewer uses techniques like prompting and probing to elicit responses from the participants. Interviews can involve one subject, or a group of subjects, but typically no more than 5 or 6 people in a group. The dynamics of a one-to-one interview and a group interview are different and are suitable for different purposes: one-to-one interviews are useful where you want people to open up about personal or private matters, while group interviews allow people to interact and create group dynamics.Other StrategiesAction research, also known as participatory research and collaborative inquiry can be seen as a process of research through doing something. It involves the ability to usefully reflect upon process in order to improve understanding of practices and situations Ethnomethodology as an approach tries to understand the way people interact with each other, and therefore studies social realities, often of the day-to-day lives of ordinary people. Its concern is with how people make sense of their world. Grounded theory research does not have a set of assumptions or research objectives which are tested against reality. Rather it generates theory by first examining a social situation and seeing what explanations could account for the phenomena.BibliographyBadke, W (2012) Research Strategies: Finding your way through the information fog (4th edn), iUniverse, USA Colorado State University (2013) ‘Case Study’ [online] (cited 6th March 2013) available from http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=60 Marsden, P V and Wright, J D (2010) Handbook of Survey Research (2nd edn.), Emerald Group Publishing, London. Punch, K (2003) Survey Research: The Basics, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.