A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail essays

A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail essays A View on Letter from Birmingham Jail Being a letter (correspondence), this article, does not have a title per say, it has come to be known as Letter from Birmingham Jail. In the letter the writer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Dr. King) discusses his views on what was happening in the Civil Rights Movement and why. Dr. King is a credible writer and becomes qualified to write on this topic since he is possibly the best-known leader for the movement for African-American civil rights. Being a leader in this movement Dr. King adds more strength to his letter by being very appealing to authority, establishing credibility, character, and confidence; he gains all this by telling the reader about his position in the Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King has a certain type of philosophy that most people tend to agree with. Dr. King wrote this letter while he was in the Birmingham jail where he was detained after being arrested by the Birmingham police for his part in a demonstration. He was in Birmingham because an affiliate invited to Birmingham to participate in a non-violent direct action program. Dr. King sent this letter to Fellow Clergymen and has since been published in many forms because of the historical impact it holds. Initially directed towards the eight clergymen that had made statements that his present activities were unwise and untimely; Dr. King wrote this letter because he felt the need to defend his actions. This letter is easy for the reader to understand and very clear about the purpose, because of the good use of ethos, pathos, and logos. It appears he was trying to get the readers attention to let them know that he was going to explain his ideas and actions. He is very effective in his use of ethos and logos when explaining his purpose and reasoning for the actions. First, LOGOS is an effective appeal that Dr. King uses in this letter by being logical ...

Essay on Beauty and the BeastEssay Writing Service

Essay on Beauty and the BeastEssay Writing Service Essay on Beauty and the Beast Essay on Beauty and the BeastDishes shape the Eiffel Tower to symbolize the French background and to create the authentic French spirit. At the same time, dishes shaping the Eiffel Tower give multiple implications. France is traditionally associated not only with the Eiffel Tower but also with the French cuisine. In such a way, dishes are directly related to the French cuisine. At the same time, the candle is talking with the distinct French accent. In such a way, the episode gives clear implications to the French background and conveys the authentic French spirit. The Beauty is also closely intertwined with the French background of the episode because France, especially Paris was traditionally associated with beauty and fashion. This is why the close association with France naturally implies the beauty.In such a way, the short episode that lasts for only seven seconds uncovers multiple implications and symbols that make the episode stylistically and semantically rich. To put it more precisely, the episode conveys intensively the idea of the French background of the main character and its environment. At the same time, such symbolism is used on purpose to show that Beauty is in the place, where she deserves to be. She is like a princess living in a French castle, surrounded by French cuisine, furniture and atmosphere. Even her beauty has implications to France and French background. On the other hand, such correlation to France is made purposefully to elevate the main character, Beauty because such European, French background makes her different from the average person the audience expects to encounter in the course of the film.Thus, the episode helps to understand the specific French background and environment of the main character.

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tort law - Essay Example However, contact is the basic element of battery. Since contact is an essential element of battery, there must be an absence of contact for an assault. In other words loosing battery comes under the ambit of an assault2. As per the law of UK both the offenses can be booked under criminal and law of tort. Therefore, anyone who found guilty under the offenses is liable for prosecution under the criminal and civil law. Under the criminal law assault is an attempt to commit a battery one some one’s body3. Intention or motive behind an offense is necessary. The defendant or the attacker must have intention or motive to harm someone bodily. Assault and battery have two motives a) one in retaliation and b) in self defense. The intention or motive involved in assault and battery should appear on the body of the aggrieved person. If there is no intention or motive of a person to bodily harm another person, legally cannot be considered guilty of offenses as mentioned hereinabove4. Conse nt In all civilized states, consent is used in defense of civil assault and battery by the offenders. However, combating with mutual consensus does not deprive anybody of his or her legal right to sue. However, there is difference of opinion amongst the jurists whether the criminal assault or battery can be used in defense of any person. ... Self-Defense A commonly used term wherein a person can use a certain degree of force to save himself from bodily injuries inflicted upon by another person. Now it is up to jury to determine whether the degree of force used in self defense is valid and permissible under the law. If a man by his or her own will initiate fight without justified reasons against another person cannot be treated such fight in self dense. Here, the intention and motive of a person does matter6. As far as the use of force against the offender with an object to save himself or herself in retaliation of an aggressor’s attempt is justifiable under the law. In all the countries around the globe, a defender can use deadly weapon to save his or her life provided his or her life is in danger. In majority states, law provides support to a person who may stand in front of an aggressor to defend himself although the chances of safe escape from the scene are there7. The court will examine the degree of force use d by the defender against the offender under the circumstances was justified or not. The following factors should be taken into account by the jury while deciding the matter a) age b) size and c) strength of participants8. Defense of Others Helping out others in their turmoil or in case of need treated valid defense provided the defender was not at fault. In case of defending others, the defender’s right to claim self defense of a protected person cannot be undermined. In few cases the defender reasonably believes that he or she was in need of help to come out of the worst scenario9. The law of tort treats the assault and battery an attack on the security and safety of a person life hence the wrong done to the victims attracts compensation for the damages. Under the civil law, the

Silent film Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Silent film - Assignment Example The main idea of silent movies was the moral and social issues of the developing era. These included poverty, women’s suffrage, child labor, contraception, prostitution, immigration, political corruption, prisons, and divorce (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Today, Americans think that silent films are subject of interest for the innocent age. However, they are filled with significant social and political constituents. These were people preoccupied with issues such as political corruption, sources of crime, abandoning sexual norms, and changing women role. Many early films also included themes against authority, making fun of bumbling police officers, dishonest politicians, and meddlesome upper-class reformers (Usai and British Film Institute 22). Gender relations were also a component of early silent film. Before 1905, Kathy Peiss noted that movie screens were full of indecent sexual images, shocking humor, and many glimpses of women undressing or scenes of passionate kissing. The effect of the films on the younger generation was to make them be independent and dissociate themselves from divisions in the

Same sex marraige should be legalized Research Paper - 1

Same sex marraige should be legalized - Research Paper Example egalized on the grounds that they are socially acceptable, certain states have started accepting this kind of marriage, this kind of marriage results in the wellbeing of the society and those who are against same sex marriage are conducting an act of discrimination. Deniability of same sex marriage is against religion even though religious groups state that such marriages are equal to conducting a sinful act. According to the 1st Amendment, an individual’s religious views should be protected by the state. Marriages are divided between religious and civil marriages and if rules and regulations are made against marriage on the basis of religion, then the policy makers are working against the fact that marriages are a worldly act. Marriages of any kind result in several benefits for the involved couples, marriages have an impact on filing of taxes, property ownership, benefits of insurance and law of agency. Marriages have a positive impact on several decisions, for example: if one of the couples involved in a gay relationship end up getting sick and is hospitalized, the other couple will only be allowed to meet him/her if same sex marriage is legalized. This is because without the legalization of same sex marriage, the couples ill not be a llowed to meet and will result in emotional sufferings for the couples. The law requires that medical decisions regarding an individual can be made by her marriage partner and not by those individuals with whom the patient shares an intimate relationship without marriage. If same sex marriages are not legalized, gay couples may only be recognized as individuals who are sharing an intimate relationship and may not be able to take decisions on each other’s behalf. Same sex relationship has gained acceptance within the society and it is backed by biological evidence. These relationships have been in existence since the Greek and the Roman period, the very term lesbian is not a new term, it was developed by the Greeks. Greeks had a

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models

Current Voltage Relation of Different Memristor Models Abstract: Memristor a two terminal passive non volatile device is considered as the fourth circuit element and can be used in many applications which includes memory, logic and neuromorphic systems. The memristor provides many advantages like scalability, compatibility with CMOS and offers no leakage current. Various models of memristor have been discussed in this paper. The main focus is on the Current-Voltage (IV) relation of different models and its simulation is done in Cadence Virtuoso. Index Terms- memristor, VerilogA, window function, SPICE, threshold. INTRODUCTION In 1971, L. O. Chua introduced the fourth passive circuit element named memristor which is two terminal non volatile device with a property of variable resistance known as memristance [1]. The memristance provides the relation in the time integrals of voltage and current. Originally, current controlled time invariant memristor is expressed as where w is state variable, v(t) is the device voltage, i(t) is the memristor device current, R(w, i) is the memristance and t is the time period. Since HP labs proclaimed the physical working model of memristor [2], it opens the doors to the new type of electronics. Some of the applications includes logic design [3] [4], memory [5], neuromorphic systems [6]. Different models of memristor have been deigned. Formally designed models does not contain threshold [2] [7] [8] (i.e. resistance changes for any current or voltage). The Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (TEAM )[9] and Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model (VTEAM) [10] models exhibits the threshold current and threshold voltage respectively, are the most efficient models and less computational complexity. In this paper current-voltage relation of different models is implemented using VerilogA code. Section II describes the different types of memristor models. Comparison of memristor model is provided in section III. The paper is concluded in section IV. DIFFERENT MEMRISTOR MODELS Linear Ion Drift Model This is the first and basic model of memristor proposed by HP Labs [3]. This model has width which is splitted in two regions as shown in Figure 1. The region with width w is doped with positive oxygen ions (originally TiO2) and has low resistance therefore is more conductive and other side is undoped. Each region is modeled with resistor (in series). Various assumptions are considered i.e. ohmic conductance, uniform field and average ion mobility. RON is the resistance at w(t) = D and ROFF is the resistance at w(t) = 0 The state variable w(t) is bounded within the interval [0,D]. To prevent w from going beyond the physical dimensions of the device, the derivative of w is required to multiply by the window function. The IV relationship curve of linear ion drift model of memristor for sinusoidal input is shown in figure 2. Figure1: HP memristor model [1] Figure 2: IV curve of linear memristor model with 2-window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1, w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Non Linear Ion Drift Model Although the linear ion drift model of memristor is simple and satisfies the basic memristor equations. But as per the experiments of the fabricated device, it behaves differently i.e. it is highly non linear [11] [12]. The non linearity is desirable for logic circuits, therefore another memristor model have been proposed based on experimental results concluded in [11]. A model is [13] proposed. The relation between current and voltage for this model is Where ÃŽ ±, , are known as fitting parameters and parameter n describes the influence of state variable (w) on the currents. . Here, the state variable w is normalized within the interval [0,1]. The model shows asymmetric switching behavior, in a way that during the ON state, w is near one and the first term of, is the dominant part of the current, which is a tunneling phenomenon. During the OFF state, w is near zero and the second term, has the dominant part of the current, which is similar to an ideal diode equation. The state variable differential equation is written as where a, m are constants, f(w) is the window function and m is an odd integer. And there is a nonlinear dependency on voltage. The IV characteristics of this model is shown in figure 3. Figure3: IV curve of non linear ion drift model with 2-window function (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, P_coeff=1, initial state=0.5, j=1, Alpha=2, Beta=9, C=0.01, g=4, n=13, q=13,a=4, w_multiplied=1, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure 4: IV curve of simmons tunnel barrier model. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, D=3e-9m, initial state=0.5, aon=2e-9,aoff =1.2e-9, ion=8.9e-6, ioff=115e-6,con=40e-6, coff=3.5e-6,b=500e-6,Xc=107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Simmons Tunnel Barrier Model Another model having more accuracy than previous discussed model was proposed in [14]. The assumptions of this new model includes non-linearity and asymmetric switching behavior because of an exponential dependency of movement of ionized dopants i.e. changes in state variable. Physical model of this type has a resistor in series with electron tunnel barrier. The simmons tunnel barrier width x, is the state variable. So the derivative of x can be represented as oxygen vacancy drift velocity, and is: where b, con, coff, ion, ioff, aon, aoff are known as fitting parameters. Con is always greater than coff and they both effect the magnitude of change of x. The parameters ioff and ion define the current threshold. Another parameter aoff and aon gives the upper and lower bounds of x respectively. Within the range defined, the derivative of state variable x, is significantly smaller than state variable itself. Therefore, there is no need of window function that is the biggest advantage of this model. According to the simmons tunnel model, the relation between voltage and current can be expressed as: Where V is applied voltage and v is internal voltage of the device (it is not necessary that both voltages are equal [15] ). Based on the fitting parameters, the IV characteristics curve of the simmons tunnel barrier model is shown in figure 4. TEAM Model Before 2013, it was claimed that Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is the most accurate memristor model but it too has some limitations of complication, unexplicit relation in voltage and current and is not in general. Therefore a model with accuracy and simpler expressions is the main demand. The TEAM ( Threshold Adaptive Memristor model) is proposed by Shahar Kvatinsky [16]. This is simple and general model, physically similar to predefined model. Some assumptions can be made for analysis and for computational efficiency. Based on assumptions, state variable derivative of this model is expressed as where aon,aoff, kon,and koff are constants (koff is positive and kon is negative). foff(x) and fon (x) are the window functions, depends on state variable x. by assuming the current voltage relation is same as memristance of memristor which changes linearly in x. Therefore, but if Simmons Tunnel Barrier model is assumed then memristance changes exponentially and given as where ÃŽ » is the fitting parameter. The parameter Ron and Roff are resistances at bound and satisfies By tuning different parameters of the model, the VI curve of this model is showm in figure11. According to [9], it is claimed that the accuracy of TEAM model is more enough having mean error of 0.2%. VTEAM Model Many experiments on memristive devices shown the existence of threshold voltage [2] [16] [17] instead of threshold current. Therefore, Shahar Kvatinsky designs the new model i.e. VTEAM model [10] (Voltage Threshold Adaptive Memristor model), contains threshold voltage. Another reason for the existence of this model is that a memristor exhibiting threshold voltage is more desirable than the threshold current in many applications of memory and logic [10]. The advantages of TEAM model (i.e. general, accurate, simple, designer friendly) combines with threshold voltage in spite of threshold current gives the VTEAM model. Similar to the state variable derivative of TEAM model, the state variable derivative of VTEAM model is where koff, kon ÃŽ ±off and ÃŽ ±on are constants. Parameters voff and von are threshold voltages. The window functions fon and foff defines the dependency of state variable derivative on state variable w. for VTEAM model, the current voltage relation is not properly defined but the linear dependency of state variable and resistance can be attained, from where current voltage relation is where woff and won gives bounds of state variable w. The curve for the IV relation of VTEAM memristor model is depicted as in figure 6. Figure 5: IV curve of TEAM model with 4-window type. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=0.003A, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2.3e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, ion=-1e-6, ioff=1e-6, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) Figure6: IV curve of VTEAM model without window function. (frequency=20MHz,source amplitude=1V, Ron=100ohm, Roff=2e5ohm, ÃŽ ¼v=10e-14m^2/Vs, D=10e-9m, P_coeff=2, initial state=0.5, j=1.5, aon=2e-9, aoff =1.2e-9, von=-0.2 voff=0.02, kon=-8e-13, koff=8e13, xon=0, xoff=3e-9, aon=3,aoff=3, Xc =107e-12 w_multiplied=1e9, P_window_noise=1e-18) COMPARISON Comparison of different models of memristor is listed in table1. Table 1: Comparison between diffent memristor models. CONCLUSION In this paper, different models of memristor- linear ion drift model, non linear ion drift model, simmons tunnel barrier model, TEAM model and VTEAM model are described. Moreover the VI characteristics of each model is simulated. The VI curve for VTEAM model is most efficient and desirable. Also VTEAM and TEAM models are simple, general and accurate. The VI characteristics of each model is implemented by using verilogA code [18] because of its effiency regarding computational time than SPICE model. REFERENCES L. O. Chua, â€Å"Memristor – The Missing Circuit Element,† IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 507-519, 1971. D. B. Strukov, G. S. Snider, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, The Missing Memristor Found,† Nature, Vol. 453, No. 7191, pp. 80-83, 2008. G. Snider, â€Å"Computing with hysteretic resistor crossbars†, Applied Physics A, Material Science Process, vol. 80, page 1165-1172, 2005. S. Kvatinsky, E. G. Friedman, A. Kolodny, and U. C. Wieser, â€Å"Memristor-based IMPLY logic design procedure†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computational Design, page 142-147, 2011. G. M. Huang, Y. Ho, and P. Li, â€Å"Nonvolatile memristor memory: Device characteristics and design implication†, Proceedings IEEE International Conference Computer Aided Design, page 485-490, 2009. A. Ayatollahi, A. Afifi, and F. Raissi, â€Å"Implementation of biologically plausible spiking neural network models on memristor crossbar-based CMOS/Nano circuits,† Proceedings Eur. Conference Circuit Theory Design, page 563-566, 2009. E. Lehtonen and M. Laiho, CNN Using Memristors for Neighborhood Connections, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cellular Nanoscale Networks and their Applications, pp. 1-4, February 2010. M. D. Pickett et al., Switching Dynamics in Titanium Dioxide Memristive Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 1-6, October 2009. S. Kvatinsky, A. Kolodny, U. C. Wieser, and E. G. Friedman, â€Å"TEAM: ThrEshold Adaptive Memristor Model†, IEEE Transactions on circuits and Systems 1: Regular Papers, page 211-221, 2013. S. Kvatinsky, M. Ramadan, E. G. Friedman, and A. Kolodny, â€Å"VTEAM – A General Model for Voltage Controlled Memristors†, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, page- 1-5, 2014. J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, X. Li, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, â€Å"Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevice†, Nature Nanotechnology, page 429-433, 2008. R. S. Williams, and D. B. Strukov, â€Å"Exponential ionic drift: Fast switching and low volatility of thin- film memristor†, Applied Physics A. Material Sci. Process., page 515-519, 2009. M. Laiho, and E. Lehtonen, â€Å"CNN using memristors for neighborhood connections†, Proceedings International Workshop Cell. Nanoscale Network Their Applications, page 1-4, 2010. D. B. Strukov, J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, and J. L. Borghetti, â€Å"Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1-6, 2009. J. G. Simmons, â€Å" Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by thin insulating film†, Journal Applied Physics, page 1793-1803, 1963. A. Chanthbouala, et al., A Ferroelectric Memristor., Nature materials, page 860-864, 2010. D. Liu, et al., Analog Memristors Based on Thickening/Thinning of Ag Nanofilaments in Amorphous Manganite Thin Films, ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, page 11258-11264, 2013.

Animal Disturbances in Eastern Deciduous Forests Essay -- Ecology, Eco

The study of ecology is currently primarily focused upon anthropogenic effects on ecosystems as well as feeding relationships; however, non-feeding interactions are also an important factor in understanding the balance of the ecosystem and identifying issues. These interactions are generally termed disturbances. What constitutes a disturbance? White and Pickett defined it as â€Å"any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment† (White 1985). Some definitions of disturbances such as Grime's require the destruction of biomass, however, this tends to rule out many events that cause changes in the makeup of ecosystems yet are not feeding interactions (Buckley 1992). All animals interact with their environment beyond simply feeding as even walking can affect the makeup of the environment by crushing grasses or insects. Still, not all animals have the same degree of effect on the environment - certain animals are considered to be â€Å"ecosystem engineers.† These ecosystem engineers include crocodiles and beavers, animals that substantially change the environment around them to adapt it to their needs. Clive G. Jones defined ecosystem engineers as â€Å"organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In doing so, they modify, maintain, and create habitats†(Jones 1994). Of course, not all organisms that have non-trophic effects on their environment are ecosystem engineers. It is simply that the effects of the ecosystem engineer tend to be the best studied as they have the largest, most deliberate effect. H... ...ing monoculture comes a plethora of plant viruses that were previously reduced by diversity. As Castello states: â€Å"As forests become monocultures of one or several species, and as they suffer from mismanagement...they become more vulnerable to the impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses†(Castello 1989). Problematically, little is known about plant viruses and thus little is known about how to manage forests to prevent viruses or reduce their impact. There is some disagreement on whether a lack of disturbances truly leads to monoculture as certain ecologists including Hubbell believe that recruitment failures outweigh any possible effect of disturbances (Hubbell 1999). However, as studies have shown, disturbances can drastically increase recruitment failures. Nearly all researchers did agree that anthropogenic disturbances universally reduce diversity in ecosystems.